Michael Loewe

Major Administrative Divisions

A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC - AD 24)

  • The Metropolitan Area

  • Kingdoms

  • Commanderies and their Governors

  • Regional units 

The information that we possess concerning the foundation and changes of status of major provincial units is by no means complete and it is sometimes inconsistent. The account that follows below is an attempt to provide a framework which will accommodate the greater part of the existing evidence and it leans heavily on the solutions suggested by Quan Zuwang 全祖望 (1705—55), principally in his Han shu dili zhi jiyi 漢書地理志稽疑, which is cited liberally in the commentary to the Han shu bu zhu. It can only be hoped, and indeed expected, that new evidence may be forthcoming in documentary form, such as that which clarifies the workings of provincial and local government in Donghai commandery.

The principal stages whereby provincial units were organised may be summarised as follows:

Following the conquest of the other kingdoms, Qin administered the newly founded empire exclusively by means of commanderies which were controlled from the centre. They were administered by officials entitled Governors (Shou ) who were appointed for short periods for reasons of personal merit and were subject to dismissal in cases of failure or crime. Traditionally there were thirty—six such commanderies, but the number may have been as high as forty—six. 1 The map that is appended here includes some commanderies that were not included in the basic thirty—six.

After the collapse of the Qin empire, and the resuscitation of some of the kingdoms of the pre—imperial era, Xiang Yu established himself as Xi Chu Ba Wang 西楚霸王, i.e. King of Chu and Leader (Ba ) over a collection of 18 kingdoms, including one which was named Han and was made over to Liu Bang 劉邦. In the course of the fighting whereby Liu Bang secured his supremacy and established his own empire, several of his supporters had set themselves up as kings, often in areas where their ancestors had ruled as such in earlier times. By 195 Liu Bang had substituted members of his own family in their place, while allowing one kingdom, that of Changsha, to be vested in another family; this survived until 157. Elsewhere Liu Bang took over the existing commanderies of Qin or founded a few new ones. As a result, in all the new empire consisted of ten kingdoms which formed an arc in the north and north—east around the metropolitan area and the fifteen commanderies that were governed directly by the centre. Possibly more territory in total was made over to the kings than that which was governed as commanderies. The kingdoms included areas which had formerly been governed as commanderies of the Qin empire and which were now made over to the kings as integral parts of their domains. 2 In the majority of cases the commanderies of Han retained the names that they had borne during the Qin empire, whether they were now governed as independent units or assigned to the kingdoms. It is not known whether the governors of those commanderies that were assigned to the kingdoms were appointed by the central government or by the kings.

Minor and temporary changes took place to accommodate members of the family of the Empress Lü. Major reductions of the size of the kingdoms took place in 178, 164, 155 and 144 and 122, by means of splitting some of them into smaller kingdoms or taking over some of their territories for administration as commanderies under the direct control of the central government. Much of Changsha’s land was taken over in this way and the residue of the kingdom was now (155) vested in a member of the Liu family. A large number of new commanderies were founded in the areas to which Han authority was brought to bear during the reign of Wudi, with some Dependent States (Shu guo 屬國) being set up at the perimeter to govern or treat with the unassimilated peoples and their leaders. In a few cases Han recognised the position and status of native leaders who were described as Wang .

Reorganisations of the metropolitan area, which had constituted one of the units of the Qin empire, finally resulted in the formation of four units under the Metropolitan Superintendents of the Left and the Right (Zuo Pingyi 左馮翊 and You Fufeng 右扶風), the Governor of the Capital (Jingzhao Yin 京兆尹) and the commandery of Hongnong.

In 106 thirteen Regional Inspectors (Cishi 刺史) were posted with authority over a group of kingdoms and commanderies, where they were to investigate the conditions and degree of efficiency of administration and the extent of corruption or oppression that was being practised by officials. Such groups of units were known as the thirteen Bu , later Zhou . In 89 a further division was constituted. Including the metropolitan area and the adjoining commanderies, this was placed under an official entitled Colonel, Internal Security (Sili xiaowei 司隸校尉). 3

Under Wang Mang 王莽 the surviving kings agreed to surrender their seals and sashes of office, and their territories were governed as newly named commanderies. 4 In AD 5 a new series of twelve zhou replaced the existing divisions; in AD 14 these were reconstituted as nine; at the same time new names were adopted for the commanderies, now numbering 125. 5

In many cases it is not possible to give more than approximate dates for the appointment or tenure of the governors of commanderies that are named below. Full information for the succession of the kings and for the principal officials of the units of the metropolitan area are not given here, as this is readily available in the tables of the Shiji and the Han shu (Shiji chapters 16, 17 and Han shu chapters 13, 14 and 19). References that are given below to Tan Qixiang’s maps are for the Qin empire (nos. 5—12) or the Han empire as at AD 1—2 (nos. 15—39).

The following conventions have been adopted:

  • Abbreviations:

HS Han shu (references are to the punctuated edition of Zhonghua shuju, Beijing, 1962).
HSBZ Han shu bu zhu (Changsha, 1900).
QZW Quan Zuwang, Han shu dili zhi jiyi.
Tan Tan Qixiang, ed.,Zhongguo lishi ditu ji; vol. II; Shanghai: Ditu chubanshe, 1982.
(WM) Name given by Wang Mang. These are entered both for commanderies, and for the kingdoms which were brought to a close during Wang Mang’s reign.
[ ] Situation in modern provinces.

  • In the lists which follow, characters are omitted for recurring well-known names such as Xiang Yu 項羽 and Wang Mang 王莽.

  • An asterisk indicates cases where appointment of a governor of a commandery was evidently dated at a time when the commandery in question was assigned to one of the kingdoms.

  • Assignments to the zhou are dated at AD 1—2.

  • For the reading sui, rather than dui in a series of terms adopted as names of commanderies by Wang Mang (e.g., Housui 後隊), see HS 99B, p. 4137 note.

  • The external lines shown on the maps should be regarded as marking the limits of Han penetration rather than the fixed boundaries of Han territory.

(a) The Metropolitan Area

Owing to its special importance, the metropolitan area and its various divisions were placed under the control of officials who were in a higher category than the governors of the commanderies, and it is to the titles of their posts that references are usually made, as if they were geographical terms. 6

In the Qin empire the area was administered by one senior official who was entitled Metropolitan Superintendent (Neishi 內史), and at this time it included the later units of the Jingzhao Yin, Zuo Pingyi and You Fufeng, and Hongnong commandery. After 210 two kingdoms were established: (1) Sai , to which Xiang Yu 項羽 appointed Sima Xin 司馬欣 in 206, and which included the two later units of the Jingzhao Yin, and Zuo Pingyi; and (2) Yong to which he appointed Zhang Han 章邯, and which included the later unit of the You Fufeng.

Taken over by Han in 206, the area was at first administered as the three commanderies of Weinan 渭南 (the later Jingzhao Yin), Heshang 河上 (the later Zuo Pingyi) and Zhongbu 中部, or Zhongdi 中地 (the later You Fufeng). As part of the process of consolidating imperial rule, in 198 the three units were placed together under the re-established Metropolitan Superintendent.

In 155, or perhaps 135, 7 the area was split between the control of the Metropolitan Superintendents of the Right and the Left (You, Zuo Neishi , 左內史). Part of the land under the control of the former was detached to become the commandery of Hongnong in 113. A further subdivision and change of titles in 104 resulted in the establishment of the three posts of Jingzhao Yin, You Fufeng and Zuo Pingyi. The You Fufeng replaced the suppressed post of Commandant, Orders of Honour (Zhu jue Duwei 主爵都尉). These three senior officials were known collectively as the San fu 三輔; that term is also used to refer to the three areas that they controlled.

In AD 4 Chang’an and its surrounding regions were divided into the two commanderies of Qian Huiguang 前煇光 and Hou Chenglie 後丞烈, respectively to the south and north of the city.

(b) Kingdoms

Changsha 長沙 (WM Tianman 塡蠻) in Jingzhou. A commandery founded by Qin in 222, after 210 Changsha became the area to which Chu Huai Wang 楚懷王 (Yidi 義帝) was relegated. Established as a kingdom under Wu Rui 吳芮 from 202, it survived until 157 as the only kingdom to be directly sponsored by Han that was not made over to a member of the Liu family. A commandery in 157, it was re-established as a kingdom in 155 under Liu Fa 劉發 (1) and lasted until the end of Former Han. Originally the area had included the later unit of Guiyang 桂陽 (including Lingling 零陵), which was established as a commandery from Jingdi’s reign onwards. — HS 13, p. 377; 14, p. 413; 28B, p. 1639; HSBZ 28B(2).42b; QZW 1.6a; 2.30a; Tan, no. 23 [Hunan]

Changshan 常山 (Hengshan 恆山) In the Qin commandery of Handan and the restored kingdom of Zhao from 210, Changshan had included the later unit of Zhending. In 206 it was established as a separate kingdom by Xiang Yu, under Zhang Er 張耳. Re-established as a kingdom from 188 to 180 and from 155 to 114, it was at other times administered as a commandery— SJ 7, p. 316; HS 1A, p. 28; 14, p. 417; QZW 1.2a; Tan no. 26 [Hebei]

Changyi 昌邑, from 97 to 74; see under Shanyang commandery

Chengyang 城陽 (WM Juling 莒陵), in Yanzhou, had been in the Qin commandery of Langye. Part of Qi kingdom after 210, and thereafter in one of the three kingdoms (Qi, Jibei and Jiaodong) set up by Xiang Yu in 206, the area was assigned as a constituent commandery to the Han sponsored kingdom of Qi in Gaodi’s settlement of 203. In 194 all or part of the area was made over as an estate to Lu Yuan Gongzhu 魯元公主, under the name of Lu guo. Restored to Qi in 179 it was established as the kingdom of Chengyang in 178. In 172 it became a commandery within Qi until the kingdom was restored in 168. A commandery between 18 and 16, it was then restored as a kingdom which lasted until the time of Wang Mang. — HS 14, p. 399; 28B, p. 1635; HSBZ 28B(2).28b; QZW 1.7b; 2.26a; Tan, no. 20 [Shandong]

Chu (WM Hele 和樂) in Xuzhou. Quan Zuwang took the view that at the conquest of Chu in 223 Qin divided the area into the five commanderies of Chu, Sishui, Xue and Donghai (north of the Yangzi River), and Jiujiang, (stretching both to the north and south of the river). However, the establishment of Chujun is not noted in the geographical treatises of the histories and its existence is problematical, being dependent on an ambiguous statement in the Shiji (see Takigawa 40, pp. 80—1 notes). Quan Zuwang placed Chujun as extending from Huaiyang to Pengcheng, thus corresponding with the unit shown as Chenjun in Tan nos. 7—8.

Restored after 210, the kingdom of Chu included the later units that formed the Han kingdom of Liang (i.e., Liang guo, Dongjun, Chenliu, Shanyang, Jiyin, Peijun and Dongping), Huaiyang guo, Runan, Donghai and Lu. When it came under the rule of Xiang Yu, as Xi Chu Ba Wang 西楚霸王, from 206, it included those areas and the later units of Yingchuan, Runan, Nanyang, Donghai, Linhuai, Kuaiji, Danyang, Huaiyang, Liangguo, Luguo, Chuguo, Guangling, and Wuling. Han Xin 韓信 ruled as king for two months in 202, before Chu was made over to Liu Jiao 劉交 (1) in 201. In 155 it was reduced by the detachment of Donghai jun (including the later Sishui guo) and Lu guo. Thereafter the kingdom survived until the time of Wang Mang, apart from the period 69 to 49 when it was administered as Pengcheng jun. — SJ 7, p. 316, HS 1A, p. 28; 14, pp. 397, 422; 28B, p. 1638; HSBZ 28B(2).38a; QZW 1.6a; 2.14a, 28a; Tan Qixiang, ‘Qin jun xin kao’, p. 3; Tan, no. 19 [Jiangsu]

Dai The kingdom of Dai that had existed at one time during the Warring States period was incorporated into Zhao. Following the formation of Dai commandery and its inclusion in Qin from 222, it became part of the restored kingdom of Zhao in 210. In 206 Xiang Yu set up the kingdom of Dai under Zhao Xie 趙歇; in 201 the kingdom was re-established as one of the ten that were entrusted by Gaodi to his immediate relatives, in this case Liu Xi 劉喜 (1), comprising at that time the later commanderies of Dai, Dingxiang, Taiyuan, Yanmen and Yunzhong. Yunzhong was detached to form an independent commandery in 196, and between 178 and 176 Taiyuan was ruled as a separate kingdom. Dingxiang and Yanmen were detached to form commanderies, probably in 144 or 143. Dai kingdom was brought to an end by the formation of Dai and Taiyuan commanderies in 114. Liu Heng 劉恆 had been king of Dai from 196 until his accession as emperor (Wendi) in 180. — SJ 7, p. 316; HS 1A, p. 28; 14, pp. 398, 404, 409; HSBZ 14.5b, 10a, and 13a; QZW 1.3a; see also under Daijun; Tan, nos. 27, 28; [Hebei, Inner Mongolia]

Di was one of the eighteen kingdoms founded by Xiang Yu 項羽 in 206, in this case under Dong Yi 董翳. It included the later units of Shangjun and Xihe. — SJ 7, p. 316; HS 1A, p. 28; QZW 1.2a

Dingtao 定陶, from 52 to 49, and 25 to 5 BC; see under Jiyin commandery

Dongping 東平 (WM Youyan 有鹽) in Yanzhou. Part of the Qin commandery of Qi, after 210 the area was included in the restored kingdom of Chu and from 206 in Xiang Yu’s kingdom of that name. Taken over by Han in 205, it was assigned to Liang guo. In 144 it was formed into Jidong guo 濟東, and in 116 into Dahe 大河 commandery, to revert to becoming a kingdom named Dongping in 52. It lasted as such until AD 5, except for the period 4 BC to AD 1, when it was administered as a commandery. — HS 14, pp. 408, 421; 28B, p. 1637; HSBZ 28B(2).34a; QZW 2. 27a; Tan, no. 19 [Shandong]

Gaomi 高密 Included in the Qin commandery of Langye, Gaomi was included as part of Qi kingdom after 210, and thereafter in one of the three kingdoms (Qi, Jibei and Jiaodong) set up by Xiang Yu 項羽 in 206. In Gaodi’s settlement of 203, the area was assigned as a constituent commandery to the Han sponsored kingdom of Qi. The kingdom of Gaomi existed from 73 to AD 9; see under Jiaoxi jun. — HS 14, p. 419; 28B, p. 1635; HSBZ 28B(2).28a; QZW 1.7b

Guangchuan 廣川, part of the kingdom of Zhao, was founded in place of Xindu in 155 and survived until 50, except for the years 70 to 66. Thereafter it became Xindu commandery (50 to 37, and 23 to 5 BC) or Xindu kingdom (37 to 23 and 5 BC to AD 9). — HS 14, pp. 415, 422; 28B, p. 1633; HSBZ 28B(2).20b notes

Guangde 廣德 was founded in Youxian 黝縣 (Danyang) in 19, for one year or so; it was reformed in AD 2 and closed in AD 9. — HS 14, pp. 414, 416; 28A, p. 1592; HSBZ 28A(3).38b

Guangling 廣陵 (WM Jiangping 江平) in Xuzhou. The Han kingdom of Guangling had been part of the Qin commandery of Donghai. After 210 it was established as Dongyang 東陽 commandery, within the restored kingdom of Chu, and from 206 it was in Xiang Yu’s 項羽 kingdom of that name. From 201 it was assigned to the Han sponsored kingdom of the same name. It became part of Jingguo in 201 and of Wuguo in 195. A commandery in 154, it was assigned to Jiangdu guo in 153, to become Guangling jun between 121 and 117. Established as a kingdom in that year, and including Danyang, it reverted to being a commandery from 54 to 47. Restored as a kingdom in 47, Guangling guo survived until the time of Wang Mang, losing territory that was formed into Guangshi guo 廣世國 from AD 2 to AD 7. — HS 14, pp. 419, 411; 28B, p. 1638; HSBZ 28B(2).39b; see also under Guangshi guo; QZW 2.28b; Tan, no. 20 [Jiangsu]. The statements that Chen Wannian 陳萬年 and Wang Jian 王建 were governors of Guangling until 61 and 12 respectively (HS 19B, pp. 807 and 838, and 66, p. 2899) conflict with the dates that are given above, as from Quan Zuwang

Guangping 廣平 (WM Fuchang 富昌), in Jizhou, existed from 4 BC until AD 9. — HS 28B, p. 1631; HSBZ 28B(2).15a; QZW 2. 23a; Tan, no. 26 [Hebei]; see Pinggan kingdom

Guangshi 廣世 was detached from Guangling guo from AD 2 to AD 7. The three references to the elevation of Liu Gong 劉宮 (1) to be a king in AD 2 name his kingdom variously as Guangshi (HS 14, p. 411), Guangchuan (HS 12, p. 353) and Guangling (HS 53, p. 2418). Guangling is inaccurate. For reasons to support Guangshi or Guangchuan, see HSBZ 12.5a and 14.14b note. — HS 14, p. 411; QZW 2.29a

Guangyang 廣陽 (WM Guangyou 廣有), in Youzhou, existed as a kingdom from 73 until the time of Wang Mang; see also under Guangyang commandery. — HS 28B, p. 1634; HSBZ 28B(2).24b; Tan, no. 27 [Hebei, Beijing]

Guangzong 廣宗, from AD 2 to AD 9; see under Qinghe commandery. — HS 12, p. 353; 47, p. 2212

Han Established under Han Cheng 韓成 in 206 by Xiang Yu, this kingdom included the later Yingchuan; see under Yingchuan jun. — HS 13, p. 366

Han Xiang Yu established Liu Bang 劉邦 as king of Han in 206, comprising the later units of Guanghan, Hanzhong, Bajun and Shujun. — SJ 7, p. 316; HS 1A, p. 28; QZW 2.14a, 15a,b

Hejian 河間 (WM Shuoding 朔定) in Jizhou. Originally part of Zhao kingdom, and thereafter within the Qin commandery of Julu, Hejian was included in the restored kingdom of Zhao in 210, and presumably in the Han sponsored kingdom of that name. It was detached as a separate kingdom from 179 to 165, when it became a commandery. The kingdom was restored in 155 and lasted until the time of Wang Mang, except for the years 38—32 when it reverted to being a commandery. — HS 14, pp. 405, 409; 28B, p. 1634; HSBZ 28B(2).23b; QZW 2. 24b; Tan, no. 26 [Hebei]

Henan 河南 was one of the eighteen kingdoms founded by Xiang Yu in 206, under Shen Yang 申陽 of Xiaqiu 瑕丘; it was situated in the later Henan jun. — SJ 7, p. 316; HS 1A, p. 28

Hengshan 恆山, see Changshan

Hengshan 衡山 had been part of the Qin commandery of Jiujiang. Including the later Jiangxia and Lu’an, it was one of the eighteen kingdoms founded by Xiang Yu in 206, under Wu Rui 吳芮, who was transferred to be king of Changsha in 202. From 196 the area was within Huainan kingdom, being established as Hengshan guo from 164 to 122, when it was changed to become the kingdom of Lu’an. — SJ 7, p. 316; HS 1A, p. 28; 13, p. 366; 14, p. 403

Huainan 淮南 During Qin, this area was governed as the commanderies of Jiujiang and possibly Hengshan 衡山, and it became Jiujiang kingdom in 206, under the rule of Ying Bu 英布. Placed under Liu Chang 劉長 (1) in 196 as Huainan guo, the area comprised the later Han units of Jiangxia, Jiujiang, Lujiang, Yuzhang and Lu’an. When this kingdom was closed in 174, it was replaced by the commanderies of Jiujiang (including the later Lujiang, Jiangxia and Lu’an guo), and Yuzhang. Re-established in 164, Huainan guo no longer included the now separate kingdoms of Lujiang and Hengshan (which comprised Lu’an and Jiangxia). Huainan kingdom, to which Lujiang had been restored in 153, was closed finally in 122. — HS 13, p. 376; 14, p. 403; QZW 1.6b

Huaiyang 淮陽 (WM Xinping 新平) in Yanzhou. Originally within the Qin commandery of Chu, after 210 the area became part of the restored kingdom of that name. From 206 it was included in Xiang Yu’s kingdom of Chu, and it was retained there in the kingdom of Chu that was sponsored by Han. It was administered as a commandery from 201 until 196, and from 194 to 187; it was ruled as Huaiyang guo from 196 to 194, from 187 to 184, for a short time in 155, and finally from 63 until the end of the dynasty. — HS 13, p. 380; 14, pp. 405, 410, 420; 28B, p. 1635; HSBZ 28B(2).29b; QZW 2. 26b; Tan, no. 19 [Henan]

Jiangdu 江都國 Established in 153 and closed in 121, this kingdom had included the later units of Linhuai, Danyang and possibly Kuaiji. — HS 14, p. 414

Jiaodong 膠東 (WM Yuzhi 郁秩). Originally in the Qin commandery of Langye, after 210 this area was incorporated in Qiguo, and separated by Xiang Yu to form Jiaodong guo in 206 for a few months, under Tian Shi 田市. Shortly afterwards, it was restored to be a constituent commandery in Qi, where it remained under Han sponsorship. Established as a separate kingdom in 164, it became a commandery from 155 to 153, when Liu Che 劉徹, the future Wudi, became king (until 150). Jiaodong guo survived until the time of Wang Mang. — SJ 7, p. 316; HS 1A, p. 28; 14, pp. 402, 404, 416; 28B, p. 1634; HSBZ 28B(2).27a; QZW 2.25b; Tan, no. 20 [Shandong]

Jiaoxi 膠西, from 164 to 155 and from 154 to 108; see Jiaoxi jun

Jibei 濟北 was one of the eighteen kingdoms set up by Xiang Yu in 206, in this case under Tian An 田安. It also existed from 178 to 177, 164 to 153 and 151 to 87; see under Taishan commandery. — SJ 7, p. 317; 1A, p. 28; 14, pp. 400, 403

Jichuan 濟川 (1), 181—179; see under Ji’nan guo

Jichuan 濟川 (2), 144—138; see under Chenliu jun

For the distinction between Jichuan guo as made over to Lü Da 呂大, Pingchang hou 平昌侯, and the kingdom of the same name established in 144 under Liu Ming 劉明 (1) and later to become Chenliu commandery, see QZW 2.10b, 11a

Jidong 濟東, 144—116; see under Dongping guo

Ji’nan 濟南 had been part of the Qin commandery of Qi. Part of Qi kingdom after 210, and thereafter in one of the three kingdoms (Qi, Jibei and Jiaodong) set up by Xiang Yu in 206, the area was assigned as a constituent commandery of the Han sponsored kingdom of Qi in Gaodi’s settlement of 203. In 187 it became Lü guo, and Jichuan guo (1) in 181, to be restored to Qi in 179. In 164 the area was established as Ji’nan kingdom, becoming a commandery under the central government in 155. — HS 14, p. 401; 28A, p. 1581; HSBZ 28A(2).72b; QZW 2. 10b; Tan, no. 19

Jing 荆 Established for a few months in 202 and 201 under Liu Jia 劉賈 (1), Jingguo included the later Han units of Linhuai, Kuaiji and Danyang. It was replaced by the kingdom of Wu in 196. — HS 14, p. 402

Jiujiang 九江, was one of the eighteen kingdoms founded by Xiang Yu 項羽 in 206, under Ying Bu 英布. It included the later units of Jiujiang, Lujiang and Yuzhang. — SJ 7, p. 316; HS 1A, p. 28; QZW 1.2a

Jiyang 濟陽 41 to 34; see under Chenliu jun

Jiyin 濟陰 from 151 (or 144) until 141 (or 138); see Jiyin commandery

Langye 琅邪 existed from 181 to 179; see Langye jun

Liang (WM Chending 陳定) in Yuzhou. The commandery of Dangjun during the Qin empire, this area included the later Han units of Liangguo, Peijun, Shanyang, Dongjun, Jiyin, Chenliu and Dongping guo. After 210 it became part of the restored kingdom of Chu, and from 206 it was within Xiang Yu’s 項羽 kingdom of that name. Taken over by Han, it was formed into Liang kingdom in 203 and was assigned to Liu Hui 劉恢 (1) in 196. With the exception of short periods from 179 to 178 and from AD 3 to AD 5, when it was governed as a commandery, the kingdom survived until the end of the dynasty. It had been reduced in size considerably, by the loss of Dongjun and Chenliu (179), Jiyin guo (151 or 144), Shanyang guo and Jidong guo (144). Two references indicate that Wang Mang changed Liangguo into Liangjun. — HS 13, p. 377; 14, pp. 404, 406; 28B, p. 1636; 99B, p. 4127; 99C, p. 4177; HSBZ 28B(2).31b; 99B.25b note; QZW 1.4a; 2.27a; Tan, no. 19 [Henan]

Liaodong 遼東 existed as a kingdom for a short time from 206; see under Youbeiping

Linjiang 臨江 was one of the eighteen kingdoms founded by Xiang Yu 項羽 in 206, under Gong Ao 共敖; it was situated in the later Nanjun. It was refounded between 155 and 152, and again between 150 and 148. —577, p. 316; HS 1A, p. 28; 14, pp. 410, 415

Lu in Xuzhou. Originally in the Qin commandery of Xue this area was incorporated in the kingdom of Chu after 210, and from 206 it was within Xiang Yu’s kingdom of that name. In 202 it was retained in the Han sponsored kingdom of Chu, but detached to form the separate kingdom of Lu in 155. It survived as such until AD 9, possibly with a short interval in 4 BC; see Lujun. — HS 14, p. 410; 28B, p. 1637; HSBZ 28B(2).35b; QZW 1.6b; 2.27b; Tan, no. 19 [Shandong]; HSBZ 28B(2).35b note corrects the assignment from Yuzhou, as given, to Xuzhou. Quan Zuwang’s statement that the area became a commandery from 23 to 4 BC seems to lack support, in view of the accession of Liu Juan 劉睃 as king in that year and his reign for nineteen years before dying without a successor. For the distinction between this kingdom and the Luguo over which Zhang Yan 張偃 (1) was made king, and the area assigned to Gaodi’s daughter Lu Yuan Gongzhu 魯元公主, see Quan Zuwang, 2.28a.

, from 187 to 181; see under Ji’nan guo

Lu’an 六安 (WM Anfeng 安風). This area had been part of the Qin commandery of Jiujiang. After 206 it became part of Hengshan 衡山 kingdom, to be taken over by Han and assigned to the kingdom of Huainan, becoming Hengshan kingdom in 153. In 122 (alternatively 121 or 119) it became the separate kingdom of Lu’an which survived until the end of the dynasty. — HS 14, pp. 403, 416; 28B, p. 1638; HSBZ 28B(2).41b; QZW 2. 29b; Tan, no. 24 [Henan, Anhui]

Lujiang 廬江 was established under Liu Ci 劉賜 (1) from 164 to 153. — HS 14, p. 403

Pinggan 平干 Originally within Julu commandery, this area was detached to form Guangping commandery in 144 and became Pinggan guo from 91 to 56. Thereafter it was administered as Guangping jun, until it was reformed as Guangping guo from 4 BC until AD 9. — HS 14, pp. 412, 414; 28B, p. 1631; HSBZ 28B(2).15b

Qi During the Qin empire, the pre-imperial kingdom of Qi was administered as the commanderies which were named Qi, Jibei, Jiaodong, Langye and Xue. Of these, Qi had included the later units of Ji’nan, Beihai, Qiancheng, Pingyuan, Qi and Zichuan, and was renamed Linzi after 210. Thereafter the preimperial kingdom of Qi was reconstituted, comprising the future Han kingdoms of Chengyang, Zichuan, Jiaodong, Qi and Gaomi and the commanderies of Pingyuan, Taishan, Beihai, Qiancheng, Langye, Donglai, Jiaoxi and Ji’nan. Under Xiang Yu the area was divided into the three kingdoms of Qi (under Tian Du 田都), Jiaodong and Jibei, and it was later governed by several members of the Tian family, including Tian Rong 田榮 and Tian Guang 田廣 (205), and then by Han Xin (203).

Qi was one of the original kingdoms of the Han empire to be vested in one of Gaodi’s sons (Liu Fei 劉肥) in 201. In 187 part of the kingdom was made into Lü guo (named as Jiquan guo (1) in 181), but this reverted to Qi in 179. In 178 Qi was reduced by the establishment of the kingdoms of Jibei and Chengyang, part or all of Chengyang having been made over as the estate of Lu Yuan Gongzhu for a short time from 194. After a short lapse which followed the death of the king without a successor in 164, the kingdom of Qi was reconstituted, losing the areas which were established as the kingdoms of Ji’nan, Jiaoxi, Jiaodong and Zichuan, the last of which included the later commandery of Beihai. In 144 Qi kingdom was further reduced by the establishment of the separate commanderies of Langye, Qiancheng, Pingyuan and Donglai.

On the death of the king without an heir in 126, Qi became a commandery, and was administered as such until the end of the dynasty, except for the temporary restoration of the kingdom from 117 to 110. — HS 14, pp. 398, 418; 28A, p. 1583; HSBZ 28A(2).79a; QZW 2.11b; Tan, no. 20 [Shandong]

Qinghe 淸河, originally part of the kingdom of Zhao, was established from 147 to 135; 114 to 66; and 47 to 43; see Qinghe commandery

Runan 汝南 155—153; see Runan jun

Sai was one of the eighteen kingdoms founded by Xiang Yu in 206, under Sima Xin 司馬欣. It included the areas that were later controlled by the Metropolitan Superintendent of the Left (Zuo Pingyi 左馮翊) and the Governor of the Capital (Jingzhao Yin 京兆尹) and the later unit of Hongnong. — SJ 7, p. 316; HS 1A, p. 28; QZW 1.1a—2b

Shanyang 山陽 from 144 to 136, see Shanyang commandery

Sishui 泗水 (WM Shuishun 水順) in Xuzhou. Gaodi assigned this area, which had been part of the Qin commandery of Donghai, and from 206 part of Xiang Yu’s kingdom of Chu, to the Han sponsored kingdom of Chu. Reverting to Donghai in 155, it was formed into the separate kingdom of Sishui in 115, lasting until the time of Wang Mang. — HS 14, p. 418; 28B, p. 1638; HSBZ 28B(2).39a; QZW 2. 28b; Tan, no. 20 [Jiangsu]

Taiyuan 太原, from 178 to 176; see Taiyuan commandery

Wu 吳 Established in 195, this kingdom included the later units of Kuaiji, Linhuai and Danyang and was closed in 154. — HS 14, p. 398

Xindu 信都 (WM Xinbo 新博) in Jizhou. A county in the Qin commandery of Handan, Xindu was thereafter included in the restored kingdom of Zhao, and was refounded as a county under Gaodi. It became Guangchuan guo, probably from 155, until 50, when it became a commandery. The kingdom of Xindu was re-established from 37 to 23; it became a commandery from then until restoration as a kingdom from 5 BC until AD 9. — HS 9, p. 294; 14, pp. 422, 424; 28B, p. 1633; HSBZ 28B(2).20b; QZW 1.2a; 2.24a; Tan, no. 26 [Hebei]

Xiwei 西魏 was one of the eighteen kingdoms founded by Xiang Yu in 206, being entrusted to Wei Bao 魏豹, and including the later units of Hedong, Taiyuan, Shangdang and Weijun. — SJ 7, p. 316; HS 1A, p. 28

Yan Conquered by Qin in 226, the old kingdom of Yan was administered as the commanderies of Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi, Liaodong and Guangyang. Restored in 206 under Zang Tu 臧荼 the kingdom included those areas and the later Zhuojun; it passed to Lu Wan 盧綰 in 202. In 195 Yanguo was one of the ten kingdoms that Liu Bang 劉邦 entrusted to his close relatives, in this case to his son Liu Jian 劉建 (1), comprising the later commanderies of Shanggu, Youbeiping, Zhuojun, Yuyang, Liaoxi, Liaodong and the kingdom of Guangyang.

Between 180 and 179 the kingdom was ruled by Lü Tong 呂通, to be restored then to the Liu family under Liu Ze 劉澤 (1). The kingdom was reduced by the establishment of the commanderies of Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi and Liaodong, probably in 144. At the suicide of Liu Dingguo 劉定國 (1) in 127 it was split into the commanderies of Yanjun and Zhuojun, to be refounded as a kingdom comprising those units and Bohai in 120 or 117. At the suicide of Liu Dan 劉旦 (1) in 80, the kingdom was again ended, being divided into Zhuojun, Guangyang jun and Bohai. It was refounded as Guangyang guo, in the small area of the commandery of that name under Liu Jian 劉建 (8) in 73, and was closed under Wang Mang 王莽. — HS 14, pp. 405, 406 and 419; HSBZ 28A(2).59a; B(1).43b, 46a, 49a, 51b, 54b notes; Tan, nos. 27, 28 [Hebei, Liaoning]

Yin was one of the eighteen kingdoms set up by Xiang Yu in 206. Entrusted to Sima Ang 司馬卬, it was located in the later Henei. — SJ 7, p. 316; HS 1A, p. 28

Yong was one of the eighteen kingdoms founded by Xiang Yu in 206, under Zhang Han 章邯. It included the area that was later controlled by the Metropolitan Superintendent of the Right (You Fufeng 右扶風) and the later units of Longxi, Beidi, Anding and Tianshui. — SJ 7, p. 316; HS 1A, p. 28; QZW 1.2a; 2.16a,b, 17b

Zhao (WM Huanting 桓亭) in Jizhou. The following account derives from references that are not entirely consistent. Under the Qin empire, the preimperial kingdom of Zhao was administered as the commanderies of Handan, Julu, Shangdang and possibly Hengshan. At the collapse of Qin, Zhang Er 張耳 and Chen Yu 陳餘 set up Zhao Xie 趙歇, a descendant of the former royal house, as king of the reconstituted kingdom. Shortly afterwards (206) Xiang Yu divided the area into the two kingdoms of Changshan, under Zhang Er 張耳, and Dai, under Zhao Xie 趙歇. In 203 Zhang Er became king of a new kingdom of Zhao, under the protection of Liu Bang 劉邦, who entrusted it to his son Liu Ruyi 劉如意 (1) in 198. At that time it probably comprised the later units of Zhaoguo, Changshan, Qinghe, Julu, Shangdang, Bohai, Guangping, Hejian, Xindu, Zhending and Zhongshan; previously, until 201, it had included Yanmen and Yunzhong.

Between 185 and 179 Zhao was reduced by the separate establishment of Changshan either as a kingdom or as a commandery. Following the suicide of the king in 181 (Liu You 劉友 (1), acceded in 194), the kingdom was reformed under his son Liu Sui 劉遂 (1), retaining what had been Changshan guo. Between 179 and 165 Hejian was detached as a separate kingdom, and in 155 Changshan became a commandery under the central government. Zhao lost further territory by the re-establishment of Hejian guo in 155 and the establishment of Zhongshan guo in 154.

With the rebellion and death of the king in 154, Zhao was governed as the commandery of Handan, to be restored as a kingdom either in 152 or 148. A commandery named Xindu was formed into the kingdom of Guangchuan, probably from 155; this survived until 50, except for the years 70 to 66. Probably in 147 Zhao was reduced by the establishment of the kingdom of Qinghe, and of the commanderies of Shangdang, Bohai and Guangping, probably all in 144. A mere remnant of its former self, the kingdom of Zhao survived until the time of Wang Mang 王莽. Meanwhile Xindu guo had existed between 31 and 23, and again from 5 BC until the time of Wang Mang. — HS 14, pp. 404, 405, 412; 28B, p. 1630; HSBZ 28B(2).13b, 20b; QZW 2. 23a; Tan, no. 26 [Hebei]

Zhending 眞定 in Jizhou. Included in the Qin commandery of Handan, in the restored kingdom of Zhao in 210 and as part of Changshan guo after 206, and thereafter of Zhao, the area was founded as a separate kingdom in 114 or 113, lasting until the time of Wang Mang. — HS 14, p. 417; 28B, p. 1631; HSBZ 28B(2).17a; QZW 1.2a; 2.23b; Tan, no. 26 [Hebei]

Zhongshan 中山 (WM Changshan 長山), in Jizhou, had beeen within the Qin commandery of Handan. After 210 it was presumably included in the restored kingdom of Zhao, and after 206 in Dai, to be assigned to the kingdom of Zhao in Gaodi’s reign. Between 154 and 55, and 43 and 30, it was administered as a kingdom; no indication is given of its status between 55 and 43, or between 30 and 23 when it was refounded. The kingdom lapsed in 1 BC when its king Liu Jizi became emperor (Pingdi), to be reformed from AD 1 to AD 9. — HS 14, pp. 414, 421, 423, 424; 28B, p. 1632; HSBZ 28B(2).17b; QZW 1.2a; 2.24a; Tan, no. 26 [Hebei]

Zichuan 甾川 (also , ). Originally within Qi, and part of Qi kingdom after 210, the area was thereafter in one of the three kingdoms (Qi, Jibei and Jiaodong) set up by Xiang Yu in 206. It was assigned to the Han sponsored kingdom of Qi in Gaodi’s settlement of 203. In 164 the area was established as a separate kingdom, including the later commandery of Beihai. Changed to a commandery in 155, the kingdom was restored in 153 and survived until the end of the dynasty, less the commandery of Beihai which was founded in 148. — HS 14, pp. 400, 401; 28B, p. 1634; HSBZ 28B(2).25b; QZW 2.25a; Tan, no. 20 [Shandong]

(c) Commanderies and Their Governors

Anding 安定 in Liangzhou, was established as a commandery in an area detached from Longxi in 114. — HS 28B, p. 1615; HSBZ 28B(1).19b; QZW 1.1b; 2.17b; Tan, no. 34 [Gansu, Ningxia].

Governors:

  • Ren Sheng 任勝 c. 66

  • Sun Huizong 孫會宗 c. 56

  • Wang Zun 王尊 c. 44

  • Gu Yong 谷永 after 28

  • Feng Can 馮參 13

  • Xiao You 蕭由 late in Chengdi’s reign

  • Wang Shun 王順 time unknown: possibly in Later Han

 

Anfeng 安風, name adopted by Wang Mang for Lu’an guo

Bajun 巴郡 in Yizhou. Originally Ba kingdom, this commandery was founded by Qin in 311. It was one of the three commanderies to be included in the kingdom of Han which Xiang Yu set up under Liu Bang 劉邦 in 206, and came under the direct control of the central government in 201. — HS 28A, p. 1603; HSBZ 28A(3).95b; QZW 1.2a; 2.15b; Tan, nos. 11, 29, 30; [Sichuan].

Governor:

  • Chen Li 陳立 c. 25

 

Bao zhong xin qing 保忠信卿, title of the official placed in control of Henan by Wang Mang.

Beidi 北地 (WM Weirong 威戎) in Liangzhou. Originally within lands of the unassimilated peoples, Beidi was established by Qin between 306 and 251. In 206 it formed part of the kingdom of Yong as set up under Zhang Han 章邯 by Xiang Yu. — HS 28B, p. 1616; HSBZ 28B(1).22b; QZW 1.1b; 2.17b; Tan, nos. 5, 6, 17 [Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia].

Governors:

  • Li Guang 李廣 after 144

  • Du Yannian 杜延年 (1) after 66

  • Zhang Yanshou 張延壽 before 61

  • Gu Yong 谷永 12

 

Beihai 北海 in Qingzhou. Within the Qin commandery of Qi and the restored kingdom of Qi after 210, Beihai was included in one of the three kingdoms (Qi, Jibei and Jiaodong) set up by Xiang Yu in 206. Thereafter the area passed into the kingdom of Qi and then Zichuan, to be detached and governed as a commandery from 148; see under Zichuan guo. — HS 28A, p. 1583; HSBZ 28A(2).82a; QZW 1.7b; 2.12a; Tan, no. 20 [Shandong].

Governors:

  • Zhu Yi 朱邑 before 66

  • Chen Xian 陳咸 (1) after 33

  • Fan Yanshou 范延壽 until 27

 

Beishun 北順, name adopted by Wang Mang for Youbeiping 右北平

Bohai 勃海 (WM Yinghe 迎河) in Youzhou. Originally within the Qin commandery of Julu, and in the restored kingdom of Zhao after 210, Bohai jun was founded by Gaodi and assigned to the Han sponsored kingdom of Zhao. Established as a separate commandery, probably in 144, it was incorporated in Yan kingdom in 120 or 117, finally becoming a commandery under the central government in 80. — HS 28A, p. 1578; HSBZ 28A(2).63b; QZW 1.2b; 2.10a; Tan, no. 27 [Hebei].

Governors:

  • Gong Sui 龔遂 after 73

  • (Xin) (4) before 57

  • Gong Sheng 龔勝 from 2 BC

 

Boyang 博陽, see under Taishan jun

Canghai 蒼海 was founded on the surrender of non-Chinese inhabitants of northern Korea in 128 and abandoned in 126. — HS 6, pp. 169, 170; Tan, no. 28 [North Korea]

Cangwu 蒼梧 (WM Xinguang 新廣) in Jiaozhi. Within the Qin commandery of Guilin, after 210 the area was included within Zhao Tuo 趙佗’s kingdom. It became subject to Han penetration, with the establishment of the commandery, in 111. — HS 28B, p. 1629; HSBZ 28B(2). 6b; QZW 2.22a; Tan, no. 36 [Guangxi].

Governor:

  • Liu Li 劉利 date unknown

 

Changsha 長沙 Founded by Qin in 222, Changsha included parts of the Han commanderies of Guiyang and Lingling 零陵. From 210 onwards it became a kingdom, existing as a commandery of the same name from 157 to to 155. See Changsha guo. — QZW 1.6a; Tan, no. 12.

Governor:

  • Feng Ying 馮英 AD 16

 

Changshan 常山, also known as Hengshan 恆山 (WM Jingguan 井關), in Jizhou, had been part of the Qin commandery of Handan. In 206 Xiang Yu divided the lands of the pre-imperial kingdom of Zhao into the two kingdoms of Changshan and Dai, placed respectively under Zhang Er 張耳 and Zhao Xie 趙歇. Taken over by Han in 204 as a commandery, it was assigned to Zhaoguo in 200, to become a kingdom in 188 and to be rejoined to Zhaoguo in 180. In 155 it was changed back to be a commandery under the central government, and it was restored as a kingdom from 145 until 114. — HS 13, p. 380; 14, p. 417; 28A, p. 1575; HSBZ 28A(2).52b; QZW 1.2a; 2.9a; for evidence to show the existence of Changshan as a commandery under Qin, see Tan Qixiang, ‘Qin jun xin kao’, p. 5; Tan, nos. 9, 26 [Shanxi, Hebei].

Governors:

  • Zhang Cang 張蒼 (under Gaodi: tenure not certain)

  • Liu Fu 劉福 (10) ? Zhaodi

  • Jia Guang 賈光 Xuandi

  • Liu Wucheng 劉武成 until 24

  • Wen Shun 溫順 until 22

  • Mao Moru 毛莫如 Chengdi

  • Deng Chen 鄧晨 AD 23 Gengshi Emperor

 

Chending 陳定, name adopted by Wang Mang for Liang guo. Governor:

  • ShenYi 沈意

 

Chengyang 城陽, from 172 to 168 and from 18 to 16; see under Chengyang guo

Chenli 沈黎, at one time the habitat of the Zuo peoples, was established in 111 and became part of Shujun in 97. —QZW 2.15a

Chenjun 陳郡, see under Chuguo

Chenliu 陳留, in Yanzhou. Originally within the Qin commandery of Dangjun, after 210 the area became part of the restored kingdom of Chu, and from 206 it was in Xiang Yu’s kingdom of that name. Taken over by Han, it was assigned to the kingdom of Liang. Administered as a commandery from 179, in 144 it became Jichuan guo 濟川 (2). In 138 the area became a commandery and in 118 or possibly earlier its name was changed to Chenliu. From 41 to 34 it was changed to become Jiyang 濟陽 kingdom, thereafter reverting to be Chenliu jun. — HS 14, pp. 407, 423; 28, p. 1558; HSBZ 28A(11).80b; QZW 1.4a, 2.4b; Takigawa 58, p. 14 note; Tan, nos. 7, 19 [Henan].

Governors:

  • Xue Xuan 薛宣 early in Chengdi’s reign

  • Zhuang Pu 莊普 before 14

  • Liu Bue 劉不惡 until 3 BC

  • Geng Feng 耿豐 until 2 BC

  • Xiao You 蕭由 Pingdi

  • Liu Li 劉立 (2) Wang Mang

 

Chujun 楚郡, see under Chuguo

Dahe 大河, from 116 to 52; see under Dongping guo

Daijun 代郡 (WM Yandi 厭狄), in Youzhou. A commandery of Dai had first been founded by Qin. After 210 it became part of the kingdom of Zhao, and from 206 to 205 this was ruled as a kingdom first by Zhao Xie 趙歇 and then by Chen Yu 陳餘. In 201 the area was incorporated into Han as part of Daiguo. At the close of that kingdom in 114, its remaining territory was formed into the two commanderies of Dai and Taiyuan. — HS 28A, p. 1622; 28B(1).38a; QZW 1.3a, 2.19b; Tan, nos. 9, 18 (where it is assigned to Bingzhou) [Inner Mongolia].

Governors:

  • *Gong You 恭友 126

  • *Li Jiao 李椒 before 119

  • Su Jian 蘇建 after 124

  • Ren Xuan 任宣 before 66

  • Wang Shou 王壽 (1) before 65

  • Feng Can 馮參 16—13

  • Ren Hong 任宏 8 BC

 

Daner 儋耳, see under Zhu'a 珠厓

Dangjun 碭郡 was founded by Qin in 225. It incorporated the later Han units of the kingdom of Liang and the commanderies of Shanyang, Jiyin and Chenliu. —QZW 1.4a; Tan, no. 7.

Governor:

  • Zhou Bo 朱勃 (1) Chu Huai Wang

 

Danyang 丹揚 in Yangzhou. Within the Qin commandery of Kuaiji, after 210 the area was administered as the commandery of Zhang , within the restored kingdom of Chu. From 206 it was within Xiang Yu’s 項羽 kingdom of that name; it remained in the Han sponsored kingdom of Chu from 202, to be assigned to Jingguo in 201, Wuguo in 195 and Jiangdu guo in 153. A commandery in 121, it was assigned to Guangling guo in 117, its name being changed to Danyang in 109. It probably came under the direct control of the central government from 54. Youxian 黝縣 was detached to form Guangde guo 廣德國 from 119 to 117 and from AD 2 until the time of Wang Mang. — HS 14, pp. 414, 416; 28A, p. 1592; HSBZ 28A(3).30b; QZW 1.7a; 2.13a; Tan, nos. 24, 25; [Anhui]

Daojiang 導江, name adopted by Wang Mang for Shujun

Dejiang 得降, name adopted by Wang Mang for Dingxiang

Dingxiang 定襄 (WM Dejiang 得降) in Bingzhou, had been part of the Qin commanderies of Taiyuan and Yanmen. Within the restored kingdom of Zhao after 210, it was incorporated in Dai kingdom during Gaodi’s reign. It was detached to form a separate commandery, probably in 144 or 143. — HS 28B, p. 1620; HSBZ 28B(1).35a; QZW 1.3a; 2.19a; Tan, no. 18 [Inner Mongolia].

Governors:

  • Yi Zong 義縱 before 119

  • Han Anguo 韓安國 (2) 42

  • Ban Bo 班伯 25

  • Bi You 畢由 AD 1

 

Dong du Henan Dayin 東都河南大尹, title of the official placed in control of Henan by Wang Mang

Donghai 東海 (WM Yiping 沂平) in Xuzhou was founded by Qin in 223, including the Han units of Sishui, Guangling and Linhuai. After 210 it became part of the restored kingdom of Chu, under the name of Tanjun 郯郡. In 206 it was included in Xiang Yu’s kingdom of Chu. Taken over by Han the area was assigned to the kingdom of Chu in 201, reverting to become the commandery of Donghai in 155. It was reduced in size by the foundation of Sishui guo in 115. — HS 28A, p. 1588; HSBZ 28A(3).9a; QZW 1.6b; 2.12b; Tan, nos. 8, 20; [Shandong].

Governors:

  • (Qing) (1) 209

  • Ji An 汲黯 before 135

  • Li Fu 黎扶 up to 110

  • Wei Hong 韋弘 after 61

  • Feng Li 馮立 after 33

  • Xiguo Bao 西郭寶 late in Former Han

  • Hu Ji 胡級 c. 10

 

Dongjun 東郡 in Yanzhou was founded by Qin in 242 and became part of the restored kingdom of Chu after 210. In 206 it was included in Xiang Yu’s 項羽 kingdom of that name. Taken over by Han, it was assigned to Liang guo in 196, to revert to control as a commandery in 179. — HS 28A, p. 1557; HSBZ 28A(1).75a; QZW 1.4a; 2.4b; Tan nos. 7, 19 [Henan, Shandong]. See HSBZ 1B.18b note, for the statement that only part of the area was made over to Liang in 196. The name of Zhiting 治亭, stated to have been adopted by Wang Mang for the whole unit, was in fact probably applied only to Puyang 濮陽.

Governors:

  • Han Yanshou 韓延壽 c. 60

  • Wang Zun 王尊 before 30

  • Chen Xian 陳咸 (1) c. 24

  • Wang Shang 王賞 (2) until 20

  • Bing Chang (or ) AD 2

  • Zhai Yi 翟義 Pingdi

  • Wang Hong 王閎 (1) Wang Mang

 

Donglai 東萊 in Qingzhou. Originally in the Qin commandery of Langye, and within the restored kingdom of Qi after 210, Donglai was detached by Gaodi to be a commandery within his sponsored kingdom of Qi. From 144 it became a commandery under the central government. — HS 28A, p. 1585; HSBZ 28A(3).1a; QZW 1.7b; 2.12a; Tan, no. 20 [Shandong].

Governor:

  • Fan Long 范隆 before 12

  • Yuan Zeng 爰曾 Gengshi Emperor

 

Dongping 東平, from 4 BC until AD 1; see Dongping kingdom.

Governor:

  • Chenggong Chang 成公敞 between 4 BC and AD 1

 

Dongyang 東陽, see under Guangling guo and Linhuai jun

Dunde 敦德, name adopted by Wang Mang for Dunhuang

Dunhuang 敦煌 (WM Dunde 敦德) in Shuofang may have been established as early as 111, or possibly shortly after 104. — HS 28B, p. 1614; HSBZ 28B(1).17b; QZW 2.17b; Tan, no. 33 [Gansu]; Loewe, RHA, vol. I, pp. 58—60.

Governors:

  • (Kuai) 61

  • Fan Ji 氾輯 (date unknown)

 

Fuchang 富昌, name adopted by Wang Mang for Guangping guo

Fuping 輔平, name adopted by Wang Mang for Jiuquan

Gousou 溝搜, name adopted by Wang Mang for Shuofang

Guanghan 廣漢 (WM Jiudu 就都) in Yizhou. Within the Qin commanderies of Ba, Shu and Hanzhong, this area was included in the kingdom of Han which Xiang Yu 項羽 set up under Liu Bang 劉邦 in 206; it became a separate commandery in 201. — HS 28A, p. 1597; HSBZ 28A(3).64a; QZW 2. 14b; Tan, no. 29 [Sichuan].

Governors:

  • Hu Shang 扈商 c. 20

  • Zhao Hu 趙護 from 17

  • Sun Bao 孫寶 12

  • Lou Hu 樓護 Aidi, Pingdi

  • Liu Xian 劉咸 (4) AD 6

  • Wen Qi 文齊 after AD 19

 

Guangling jun 廣陵, from 154 to 153, 121 to 117 and 54 to 47; see Guangling guo.

Guangping 廣平 Included in the Qin commandery of Julu, this area formed a separate commandery from 144 to 91 and 56 to 4 BC; see under Pinggan kingdom. — QZW 1.2b

Guangyang 廣陽, which had been a commandery of the Qin empire, was included in the Han kingdom of Yan. At the closure of that kingdom in 80 it was re-established as a commandery, to be re-instituted in 73 as a kingdom, which was brought to a close under Wang Mang 王莽. — HS 14, p. 419; 28B, p. 1634; HSBZ 28B(2).24b; Tan, nos. 9, 27 [Hebei, Beijing]; for reasons to support the existence of this commandery under Qin, see Tan Qixiang, in ‘Qin jun xin kao’, p. 3

Guangyou 廣有, name adopted by Wang Mang for Guangyang guo

Guilin 桂林 A commandery founded by Qin in 214, Guilin may have included the later units of Yulin, Cangwu, Hepu, Jiaozhi. After 210 the area was included in the kingdom of Zhao Tuo 趙佗, and it was incorporated in the Han empire in 111. — QZW 1.9b; 2.22a,b; Tan Qixiang, ‘Qin jun xin kao’, p. 4; Tan, no. 11

Guixin 歸新, name adopted by Wang Mang for Xihe

Guiyang 桂陽 (WM Nanping 南平) in Jingzhou. Part of the Qin commandery of Changsha, Guiyang was established as a Han commandery in 205 and assigned to Changsha guo in 202. From Jingdi’s reign onwards it became a commandery under the control of the central government. Until 111 it had included the later Lingling 零陵. — HS 28A, p. 1594; HSBZ 28A(3).46a; QZW 2. 14a; Tan, no. 23; [Hunan]

Governor:

  • Yao Meng 銚猛 date unknown

 

Handan 邯鄲 Part of the pre-imperial kingdom of Zhao, Handan commandery was founded by Qin in 227, including the Han units of Changshan, Zhending, Zhongshan and Xindu. The area was returned to Zhao when the kingdom was restored under Han sponsorship. The commandery was temporarily re-established from 154 to 152. — HS 28B(2).13b; QZW 1.2a; Tan, no. 9

Hanzhong 漢中 (WM Xincheng 新成) in Yizhou. A part of the pre-imperial kingdom of Chu, Hanzhong commandery had been founded by Qin in 313. It was included in the kingdom of Han which Xiang Yu set up under Liu Bang 劉邦 in 206, and became a commandery under the control of the central government in 201. — HS 28A, p. 1596; HSBZ 28A(3). 61a; QZW 1.2a; 2.14b; Tan, nos. 11, 30; [Shaanxi, Sichuan].

Governors:

  • Tian Shu 田叔 (1) from 198

  • Zhang Ang 張卬 after 115

  • Wang Shang 王賞 (1) before 27

 

Hecheng 和成, see Herong 和戎

Hedong 河東 (WM Zhaosui 兆隊; incorrectly given as Zhaoyang 兆陽) in the area subject to the Colonel, Internal Security (Sili xiaowei 司隸校尉), and for a short time after 87 in Bingzhou, had been founded in 286, including the Han commanderies of Henei and Wei. Under Xiang Yu’s dispensation it was within the kingdom of Xiwei that was placed under Wei Bao 魏豹 in 206. It was taken over by Han as a commandery in 205. — HS 28A, p. 1550; HSBZ 28A(1).45a; QZW 1.3b; 2.2b; Tan, nos. 9, 16 [Shanxi].

Governors:

  • Ji Bu 季布 early Wendi

  • Zhouyang You 周陽由 after 174

  • Shengtu Gong 勝屠公 early Wudi

  • Pan Xi 番係 until 124

  • (Sheng) (2) 113

  • Tian Yannian 田延年 after 87

  • Zhou Kan 周堪 43

  • Zhen Zun 甄尊 until 31

  • Xiao Xian 蕭咸 Aidi or Pingdi]

 

Hejian 河間, from 165 to 155 and 38 to 32; see Hejian kingdom. —QZW 1.2b.

Governors during Gaodi’s reign, while the area was still part of Zhao kingdom:

  • *Zhang Xiangru 張相如

  • *Zhao Yan 趙衍

 

Hele 和樂, name adopted by Wang Mang for Chu guo

Henan 河南, in the area subject to the Colonel, Internal Security (Sili xiaowei 司隸校尉). During Qin this area had been governed as the commandery of Sanchuan 三川. In 206 it was formed into the kingdom of Henan, being placed under Shenyang 申陽 of Xiaqiu 瑕丘 by Xiang Yu. Taken over by Han in 205 it was governed as the commandery of Henan. Under Wang Mang it was placed under the control of a senior official, at first entitled Dong du Henan Dayin 東都河南大尹, and then Bao zhong xin qing 保忠信卿. During Wang Mang’s reign Xingyang 滎陽 and some other counties were formed into Qisui 祁隊 commandery. — HS 28A, p. 1555; HSBZ 28A(1).65b; QZW 1.4a; 2.4a; Tan, no. 16 [Henan].

Governors:

  • Zhou Xin 周信 Gaodi

  • Wu Gong 吳公 c. 179

  • Sima An 司馬安 after 116

  • Du Yanshou 杜延壽 98

  • Li Chenggong 李丞公 late in Wudi’s reign

  • Wei Xiang 魏相 80; re-appointed before 72

  • Zhuang Yannian 莊延年 (2) c. 57

  • Wei Xuancheng 韋玄成 (either of Henan or Henei) until 58

  • Zhuang Pengzu 莊彭祖 44

  • Shao Xinchen 召信臣 before 33

  • Bi Zhong 畢眾 until 32

  • (Han) until 29

  • Zhen Zun 甄尊 29

  • Wang Jia 王嘉 (1) 17

  • Pang Zhen 龐眞 (either of Henan or Henei) before 14

  • Zong Zheng 宗正 13

  • Xu Rang 徐讓 until 12

  • Wang Chong 王崇 (2) 4 BC

  • Zhai Yi 翟義 Pingdi

  • Ma Kuang 馬況 Wang Mang

  • Chen Zun 陳遵 (1) Wang Mang

  • Guo Tang 郭唐? Later Han

 

Henei 河內 (WM Housui 後隊) in the area subject to the Colonel, Internal Security (Sili xiaowei 司隸校尉) and for a short time after 87 in Jizhou. Originally within the Qin commandery of Hedong, this area was formed into the kingdom of Yin , being placed by Xiang Yu under Sima Ang 司馬卬, in 206. It was taken over by Han as a commandery in 205. — HS 28A, p. 1554; HSBZ 28A(1).60b; QZW 1.3b; 2.3b; Tan, nos. 9, 16 [Henan, Hebei]; for reasons to support the existence of this commandery under Qin, see Tan Qixiang, ‘Qin jun xin kao’, p. 6.

Governors:

  • Zhou Yafu 周亞夫 until 162

  • Wang Wenshu 王溫舒 before 119

  • Du Yankao 杜延考 98

  • Zhao Pengzu 趙彭祖 until 77

  • Wei Xuancheng 韋玄成 (either of Henei or Henan) until 58

  • Xu Ming 徐明 42

  • Zhen Zun 甄遵 after 29

  • Pang Zhen 龐眞 (either of Henei or Henan) before 14

  • Liu Xin 劉歆 (1) 7 BC

  • Yang Xuan 楊宣 6 BC

  • Zhao Chang 趙昌 4 BC

  • Zhai Yi 翟義 Pingdi

  • Han Xin 韓歆 AD 23 (HHS 17, p. 654)

 

Hengshan 恆山, see Changshan. Tan, no. 9

Hengshan 衡山 (either whole or part) was included within the Qin commandery of Jiujiang. — QZW 1.6b; Tan, no. 12; for evidence to show that Hengshan existed under Qin, see Tan Qixiang, ‘Qin jun xin kao’, p. 7

Heping 河平, name adopted by Wang Mang for Pingyuan

Hepu 合浦 (WM Huanhe 桓合) in Jiaozhi. Possibly within the Qin commandery of Guilin, after 210 the area was included within the kingdom set up by Zhao Tuo 趙佗. It became subject to Han penetration, with the establishment of the commandery, in 111. — HS 28B, p.1630; HSBZ 28B(2).10b; QZW 2. 22b; Tan, no. 35, 36 [Guangxi, Guangdong]

Herong 和戎, name adopted by Wang Mang for Julu, either in whole or in part; given incorrectly as Hecheng 和成 in HHS 21, p. 757.

Governor:

  • Pi Tong 邳彤 Wang Mang

 

Heshang 河上, founded by the king of Han in 205, may have corresponded with the area that was later under the control of the Metropolitan Superintendent of the Left (Zuo Pingyi 左馮翊); it was closed, probably in 198. — SJ 8, p: 369; HS 1A, p. 38.

Governor:

  • Yan Zechi 閻澤赤 c. 205

 

Heyang 河陽 At an unknown date this commandery was formed of counties that were detached from Tianshui. — QZW 2.16b

Hongnong 弘農 (WM Yousui 右隊), in the area subject to the Colonel, Internal Security (Sili xiaowei 司隸校尉). During Qin, this area had been included in the area under the control of the Metropolitan Superintendent (Neishi 內史). In 206 it formed part of the kingdom of Sai that was set up by Xiang Yu under Sima Xin 司馬欣. Under Han, it was within the area of the Metropolitan Superintendent from 198, and the Metropolitan Superintendent of the Right (You Neishi) from 155 (or 135). In 113 it was detached to form a separate commandery. — HS 28A, p. 1548; HSBZ 28A(1).39b; QZW 1.1a; 2.2b; Tan, no. 15 [Shaanxi, Henan].

Governors:

  • Fan Fangqu 范方渠 until 97

  • Cai Gui 蔡癸 Xuandi

  • Feng Yang 馮揚 Xuandi

  • Song Ping 宋平 until 32

  • Fu Gang 傅剛 early in Chengdi’s reign

  • Feng Xin 逢信 up to 24

  • Wang Gong 王龔 5 BC

  • Zhang Kuang 張匡 (2) Aidi

  • Xiao Xian 蕭咸 Aidi or Pingdi

  • Zhai Yi 翟義 Pingdi

 

Hou Chenglie 後丞烈, see under The Metropolitan Area

Housui 後隊, name adopted by Wang Mang for Henei (for the reading Sui for , see HS 99B, p. 4137 note)

Huainan 淮南 Xiang Xiang 項襄 (i.e. Liu Xiang 劉襄) is variously described as Governor of Huainan or Huaiyin 淮陰, possibly before 202. — SJ 18, p. 971; HS 16, p. 614

Huaiping 淮平, name adopted by Wang Mang for Linhuai. Governor:

  • Hou Ba 侯霸

 

Huaiyang 淮陽, 201—196, 194—187; 184—155; 155—63, and again under the Gengshi Emperor (HHS 17, p. 653); see Huaiyang guo.

Governors:

  • Shentu Jia 申屠嘉 Huidi

  • Guan Fu 灌夫 early in Wudi’s reign

  • Ji An 汲黯 from 118

  • Sima An 司馬安? after 116

  • Tian Guangming 田廣明 90—89

  • Tian Yunzhong 田雲中 89

  • Han Yanshou 韓延壽 Zhaodi

 

Huaiyin 淮陰, see Huainan

Huanhe 桓合, name adopted by Wang Mang for Hepu

Huanting 桓亭, name adopted by Wang Mang for Zhaoguo

Huojiang 獲降, name adopted by Wang Mang for Wuyuan

Jiangping, name adopted by Wang Mang for Guangling guo

Jiangxia 江夏, in Jingzhou. Part of the Qin commandery of Jiujiang, after 206 this area was included in the kingdom of Hengshan 衡山. Taken over by Han it was assigned to Huainan guo, and its subsequent history is not certain. It was formed into a commandery, presumably in 174, and was possibly included in Lujiang kingdom when it was founded in 164, and in Hengshan kingdom from 153. From 122 it was administered as a commandery under the central government. — HS 28A, p. 1567; HSBZ 28A(2).23a; QZW 1.6b; 2.6b; Tan, no. 22 [Hubei].

Governors:

  • Yin Shang 尹賞 late in Chengdi’s reign

  • Xiao You 蕭由 Pingdi

 

Jianping 建平, name adopted by Wang Mang for Wuling

Jianwei 楗爲 (WM Xishun 西順) in Yizhou. Formerly the kingdom of Yelang 夜郎, the area was opened up by Han officials, and the commandery presumably established, in 135. — HS 28A, p. 1599; HSBZ 28A(3).73b; QZW 2. 15a; Tan, no. 29, 30, 32; [Guizhou, Sichuan]; for the reading in place of , see LHJSJ 13.16a, 18b; Loewe, RHA, vol. II, p. 341; Chen Zhi, Han shu xin zheng, p. 209. Lou Ji, Han li zi yuan, lists examples of in three inscriptions (see under ); he does not list .

Governor:

  • Zhu Bo 朱博 c. 13

 

Jianxin 建新, name adopted by Wang Mang for Qiancheng.

Governor:

  • Cui Zhuan 崔篆 Wang Mang

 

Jiaodong Originally within the Qin commandery of Langye, Jiaodong existed as a commandery from 155 to 153. — QZW 1.7b; Tan, no. 8; see Jiaodong guo above; for reasons to support the existence of this commandery under Qin, see Tan Qixiang, ‘Qin jun xin kao’, p. 6

Jiaoxi 膠西 Part of the Qin commandery of Langye, Jiaoxi became part of the kingdom of Qi and from 203 it was assigned as a commandery to the Han sponsored kingdom of that name. From 164 to 155 it was established as a separate kingdom and after a brief interlude as a commandery it reverted to be a kingdom from 154 to 108. A commandery from that year, in 73 it was changed to become the kingdom of Gaomi, which survived until AD 9. — HS 14, pp. 402, 413, 419; 28B, p. 1635; HSBZ 28B(2).27b; QZW 2. 25b; Tan, no. 20 [Shandong].

Governor:

  • Xu Ren 徐仁 until 84

 

Jiaozhi 交趾 in Jiaozhi. Within the Qin commandery of Guilin, after 210, the area was included within the kingdom set up by Zhao Tuo 趙佗. It became subject to Han penetration, with the establishment of the commandery, in 111. — HS 28B, p. 1629; HSBZ 28B(2).9a; QZW 2. 22a; Tan, no. 35 [Vietnam].

Governor:

  • Xi Guang 錫光

 

Jibei 濟北, formed part of the Qin commandery of Qi; for reasons to support the existence of this commandery under Qin, see Tan Qixiang, ‘Qin jun xin kao’, p. 6; Tan, no. 8

Jichuan 濟川 existed from 179 to 144 and from 138 to 122, when its name was changed to Chenliu. It remained as such until the end of the dynasty, except for 41 to 34, when it became the kingdom of Jiyang. See under Chenliu above

Ji’nan 濟南 (1) (WM Lean 樂安) in Qingzhou, existed as a commandery from 155 until the end of the dynasty; see Ji’nan guo. — HS 28A, p. 1581; HSBZ 28A(2).72b; QZW 1.7b; 2.10b; Tan, no. 19 [Shandong].

Governors:

  • Zhi Du 郅都 before 150

  • Zheng Dangshi 鄭當時 early Wudi

  • Dong Chao 董朝 up to 120

  • Gongsun Sui 公孫遂 before 108

  • Wang Qing 王卿 (1) until 100

  • Xiahou Fan 夏侯藩 shortly after 9 BC

  • Liu Xu 劉詡 (2) Gengshi Emperor

  • Geng Ai 耿艾 Gengshi Emperor

 

Ji’nan 濟南 (2) name adopted by Wang Mang for Qijun

Jincheng 金城 (WM Xihai 西海), in Shuofang, was formed in 81 by detaching two counties each from the three commanderies of Tianshui, Longxi and Zhangye. — HS 28B, p. 1610; HSBZ 28B(1).6b; QZW 2. 16a; Tan, no. 34 [Gansu].

Governors:

  • Duan Huizong 段會宗 shortly after 19

  • Lian Bao 廉褒 (3) until 14

 

Jingguan 井關, name adopted by Wang Mang for Changshan.

Jingzhao Yin 京兆尹 For territory under the control of this official, see under The Metropolitan Area

Jiping 濟平, name adopted by Wang Mang for Jiyin 濟陰 (HHSJJ 21.7b note corrects the statement that it was adopted for Dingtao 定陶 kingdom).

Governor:

  • Geng Ai 耿艾

 

Jisui 集雟, name adopted by Wang Mang for Yuesui

Jiudu 舊都, name adopted by Wang Mang for Guanghan. Governor:

  • Feng Ying 馮英 AD 16

 

Jiujiang 九江 (1) (WM Yanping 延平) in Yangzhou was founded by Qin in 223, including the later Han units of Hengshan 衡山, Lujiang, Yuzhang, Lu’an and Jiangxia. Becoming Jiujiang kingdom after 210, it was ruled by Ying Bu 英布 from 206, to come under Han protection and to be renamed as Huainan in 202. Jiujiang jun was established at the closure of Huainan kingdom in 174, to be restored to the kingdom when it was re-established in 164. From 122 the area was administered as a commandery under the central government. — HS 13, p. 366; 28A, p. 1569; HSBZ 28A(2).31a; QZW 1.6b; 2.7a; Tan, no. 24 [Anhui].

Governors:

  • Shentu Yu 申屠臾 until 116

  • Dai Sheng 戴聖 until c. 30

  • Wang Jia 王嘉 (1) before 10

  • Fang Feng 房鳳 from 5 BC

  • Ma Gong before 馬宮 2 BC

  • Wang Shu 王術 Wang Mang

 

Jiujiang 九江 (2), name adopted by Wang Mang for Yuzhang

Jiuquan 酒泉 (WM Fuping 輔平) in Shuofang. The habitat of Hunye Wang 渾邪王, of the Xiongnu 匈奴, this area was first opened up by Han officials perhaps in 121; the commandery was probably founded in 104. — HS 28B, p. 1614; HSBZ 28B(1).16b; QZW 2. 17a; Tan, no. 33 [Gansu]; Loewe, RHA, vol. I, pp. 58—60.

Governors:

  • Xin Wuxian 辛武賢 early Xuandi

  • Xin Qingji 辛慶忌 26

 

Jiuxin 就新, name adopted by Wang Mang for Yizhou.

Governor:

  • Cheng Long 程隆 up to AD 14

 

Jiuyi 九疑, name adopted by Wang Mang for Lingling

Jiuyuan 九原, see under Wuyuan

Jiuzhen 九眞 in Jiaozhi. Stated, perhaps inaccurately, to have been within the Qin commandery of Nanhai, after 210 the area was included within the kingdom set up by Zhao Tuo 趙佗. It became subject to Han penetration, with the establishment of the commandery, in 111. — HS 28B, p. 1630; HSBZ 28B(2).11b; QZW 2. 22b; Tan, no. 35 [Vietnam].

Governor:

  • Ju Yichang 居益昌 54

 

Jiyin 濟陰 in Yanzhou. Originally within the Qin commandery of Dangjun, after 210 the area became part of the restored kingdom of Chu. In 206 it was included in Xiang Yu’s kingdom of that name. Taken over by Han in 202, it was assigned to Liangguo. In 144 it became Jiyin guo, until it was changed into a commandery either in 141 or 138. From 52 to 49 it became Dingtao guo, reverting then to be a commandery. Dingtao kingdom was restored from 25 to 5 BC, when it became a commandery once more (as Jiyin). — HS 14, pp. 408, 422, 423; 28A, p. 1571; HSBZ A(2).37b; 47.6a note; QZW 1.4a; 2.7b; QZW 2.8a gives the date of 151, possibly in error for 144, for the establishment of the kingdom; Tan, no. 19 [Shandong]

Juling 莒陵, name adopted by Wang Mang for Chengyang guo

Julu 鉅鹿 (WM Herong 和戎) in Jizhou. Part of the former kingdom of Zhao, Julu commandery was established under Qin in 224, including the Han units of Bohai, Qinghe, Hejian and Guangping. After the collapse of Qin the area was incorporated in the restored kingdom of Zhao and probably from 206 in Changshan, becoming a commandery under Han in 204, and remaining as such except for reversion to Zhaoguo from 203 (or 200) to 180, from 179 to 154 and for a short time in 153 — HS 28A, p. 1575; HSBZ 28A(2).50a; QZW 1.2b; 2.8b; Tan, nos. 9, 26 [Hebei].

Governors:

  • Chen Xi 陳豨 early Gaodi

  • Zhu Shou 朱壽 until 76

  • Deng Yi 鄧義 from 19

  • Sun Hong 孫閎 before 14

  • Ping Dang 平當 from 12

 

Juye 鉅野, name adopted by Wang Mang for Shanyang

Kuaiji 會稽 in Yangzhou, was founded by Qin in 222, including the later Han units of Kuaiji, Linhuai, Danyang and Guangling guo. After 210 the area was included within the restored kingdom of Chu, a detached commandery of Wu 吳 being established. In 206 it was included in Xiang Yu’s kingdom of Chu. Within the Han sponsored kingdom of Chu at first, it was assigned to Jingguo in 202 or 201, passing into Wuguo in 195. In 153 the area was re-established as Kuaiji commandery, being taken under the control of the central government either then or in 117. — HS 28A, p. 1590; HSBZ 28A(3).16b; QZW 1.7a and 10b; 2.13a; HSBZ 28A(3).16b, 28B(2) 40a and 53.4b notes; Yang Shuda, Han shu kui guan, p. 150; Tan, no. 24, 25; [Zhejiang].

Governors:

  • Yin Tong 殷通 Qin

  • Xiang Liang 項梁 after 209

  • * Zhuang Zhu 莊助 after 135

  • *Zhu Maichen 朱買臣 after 126

  • Lu Bo Xuandis reign or later

  • Liu Jiao 劉交 (3) until 13

 

Langye 琅邪 (WM Zhenyi 眞夷) in Xuzhou was founded by Qin in 221, including the later Jiaodong, Gaomi, Chengyang, Jiaoxi and Donglai. Incorporated in the kingdom of Qi in 210, Langye was presumably included in Xiang Yu’s kingdom of Jiaodong, and retained in the Han sponsored kingdom of Qi in 203. In 202 it was assigned to the kingdom of Chu, being returned to Qi in the following year, and becoming a kingdom from 181 to 179. In 144 it was taken over as a commandery under the direct control of the central government. — HS 28A, p. 1585; HSBZ 28A(3).3b; QZW 1.7b; 2.12a; Tan, nos. 8, 20 [Shandong].

Governors:

  • Yang Rong 楊榮 (date unknown)

  • Yang Rong 楊肜 c. 29

  • Zhu Bo 朱博 c. 20

  • Yang Xian 楊賢 c. 15

  • Chen Qing 陳慶 (2) before 14

  • Feng Yewang 馮野王 Chengdi

  • Zhao Gong 趙貢 Chengdi

  • Gongsun Hong 公孫閎 Pingdi

  • Wang Hong 王閎 (1) AD 24—5

 

Lean 樂安, name adopted by Wang Mang for Ji’nan

Lelang 樂浪 (WM Lexian 樂鮮), in Youzhou, was founded in 108; see under Xuantu 玄菟. — HS 28B, p. 1627; HSBZ 28B(1).58a; Tan, no. 28 [North Korea]

Governor:

  • Wang Diao 王調 c. AD 24

 

Leping 樂平, name adopted by Wang Mang for Wudu

Lexian 樂鮮, name adopted by Wang Mang for Lelang

Liangjun, 179 to 178 and AD 3 to AD 5, see Liang kingdom

Liaodong 遼東 in Youzhou, formerly part of the kingdom of Yan, was established under Qin in 222. It became part of Yan kingdom between 210 and 206 and was retained in the Han kingdom of that name at least from 202. It was separated as a commandery, probably in 144. — HS 28B, p. 1625; HSBZ 28B(1).54b; QZW 1.8a; 2.20b; Tan, nos. 10, 28 [Liaoning].

Governors:

  • Gan Yanshou 甘延壽 before 36

  • Liu Qingji 劉慶忌 (5) c. 20

  • Su Ji 蘇季 (date unknown)

 

Liaoxi 遼西 in Youzhou, formerly part of the kingdom of Yan, was established under Qin in 222. It was probably part of Yanguo between 210 and 206, being retained in the Han kingdom of that name until its detachment as a separate commandery, probably in 144. — HS 28B, p. 1625; HSBZ 28B(1).51b; QZW 1.8a; 2.20b; Tan, nos. 10, 27 [Liaoning].

Governors:

  • Tian Tan 田譚 AD 12

  • Pi Ji 邳吉 (date unknown)

 

Lingling 零陵 (WM Jiuyi 九疑) in Jingzhou. Within the Qin commandery of Changsha, Lingling was part of Guiyang 桂陽 until 111, when it was detached to be a separate commandery. — HS 28A, p. 1595; HSBZ 28A(3).56b; QZW 2. 14b; Tan, no. 23; [Hunan, Guangxi].

Governor:

  • Shao Xinchen 召信臣 before 33

 

Linhuai 臨淮 (WM Huaiping 淮平) in Xuzhou. Part of the commandery of Dongyang 東陽 the area was included in the restored kingdom of Chu. In 206 it was included in Xiang Yu’s kingdom of Chu, and remained in the Han sponsored kingdom of that name. Assigned to Jingguo in 201, to Wuguo in 195 and to Jiangdu guo in 153, the area became part of Guangling jun in 121, to be separated and formed into a commandery of its own name, that was assigned to Guangling guo, in 117. It probably came under the direct control of the central government in 54. — HS 28A, p. 1589; HSBZ 28A(3).13a; QZW 2. 12b; Tan, no. 20; [Jiangsu, Anhui].

Governors:

  • *Kong Anguo 孔安國 Wudi

  • Lu Wenshu 路溫舒 late in Xuandi’s reign

  • Xue Xuan 薛宣 early in Chengdi’s reign

 

Lintun 臨屯, from 108 to 75; see under Xuantu 玄菟

Linzi 臨淄, see under Qi kingdom; Tan, no. 8

Longxi 隴西 (WM Yanrong 厭戎) in Liangzhou. Established at an unknown date under Qin, Longxi included the Han commandery of Tianshui. In 206 it formed part of the kingdom of Yong that was set up by Xiang Yu. Taken over by Han as a commandery in 205, it was reduced by the establishment of the commanderies of Anding and Tianshui in 114, and by detachment of two counties to form part of Jincheng in 81. — HS 28B, p. 1610; HSBZ 28B(1).3b; QZW 1.1b; 2.16a; Tan, nos. 5, 34 [Gansu].

Governors:

  • Gongsun Hunye 公孫渾邪 151

  • Li Guang 李廣 after 144

  • Feng Yewang 馮野王 48

  • Feng Qun 馮逡 after 34

  • Liu Wei 劉威 (1) until 19

  • He Bing 何並 Aidi

 

Lujiang 廬江, in Yangzhou. Part of the Qin commandery of Jiujiang, this area was included in the kingdom of Jiujiang that was founded by Xiang Yu in 206. Taken over by Han, it was assigned to Huainan guo, to be separated as Lujiang guo in 164 and to revert to Huainan in 153. From 122 it was administered as a commandery under the central government. — HS 28A, p. 1568; HSBZ 14, p. 403; 28A(2).26b; QZW 1.6b; 2.6b; Tan, no. 24 [Anhui].

Governors:

  • Yang Ji 揚季 early in Wudi’s reign

  • Zhao Zengshou 趙增壽 until 20

  • Guo Zhi 郭稚 Chengdi

 

Lujun 魯郡 There are no specific references to the establishment of this commandery, presumably in Wang Mang’s time, in place of Luguo. — HS 67, p. 2928.

Governor:

  • Yun Chang 云敞 after AD 9

 

Minshan 汶山, the habitat of the Nan and Mang peoples, was established in 111; Minshan commandery became part of Shujun in 67. — QZW 2.15a

Minzhong 閩中 was founded by Qin, and closed under Han; some or all of the territory may have been assigned to Kuaiji. — QZW 1.9b; Tan Qixiang, ‘Qin jun xin kao’, p. 4; Tan, no. 12

Nanhai 南海 in Jiaozhi. A Qin commandery of this name, founded in 214, may have included the Han commanderies of Jiuzhen and Nanhai. After 210, the area was included within the kingdom of Zhao Tuo 趙佗. It became subject to Han penetration, with the establishment of the commandery, in 111. — HS 28B, p. 1628; HSBZ 28B(2).1a; QZW 1.9b; 2. 21b, 22b; Tan Qixiang, ‘Qin jun xin kao’, p. 4; Tan, nos. 12, 36 [Guangdong]

Nanjun 南郡 (WM Nanshun 南順) in Jingzhou, had been founded by Qin in 278. As a kingdom set up by Xiang Yu in 206 Nanjun came under rule of Gong Ao 共敖, under the title of Linjiang guo 臨江國. Taken over by Han in 202 it was administered as a commandery, becoming Linjiang guo again from 155 to 152 and from 150 to 148. — HS 14, pp. 410, 415; 28A, p. 1566; HSBZ 28A(2).17a; QZW 1.4b; 2.6a; Tan, nos. 11, 22 [Hubei].

Governors:

  • Jin Qiang 靳彊 early in Gaodi’s reign

  • Li Shang 李尙 c. 15

  • Zhai Xuan 翟宣 before 7 BC

  • Wujiang Long 毋將隆 after 3 BC

  • Xin Bo 辛伯 AD 3

  • Guo Qin 郭欽 (1) Pingdi

 

Nanping 南平, name adopted by Wang Mang for Guiyang

Nanshun 南順, name adopted by Wang Mang for Nanjun

Nanyang 南陽 (WM Qiansui 前隊) in Jingzhou, had been founded by Qin in 272. After 210 it became part of Xiang Yu’s restored kingdom of Chu, and was taken over by Han to form a commandery in 205. In 203 some of its territory was transferred to form part of Runan jun. — HS 28A, p. 1563; HSBZ 28A(2).8a; QZW 1.5a; 2.6a; Tan, nos. 7, 22 [Henan]

Governors:

  • Lü Yi 呂齮 under Qin

  • Yi Zong 義縱 before 119

  • Zheng Hong 鄭弘 Xuandi

  • Shao Xinchen 召信臣 before 33

  • Wang Chang 王昌 (2) after 32

  • Chen Xian 陳咸 (1) after 24

  • Sun Chong 孫寵 before 3 BC

  • Ruan Kuang 阮況 Gengshi Emperor

 

Neishi 內史 For territory under the control of this official, see under The Metropolitan Area.

Peijun 沛郡 (WM Wufu 吾符), in Yuzhou, had been governed as the Qin commandery of Sishui and became part of the restored kingdom of Chu after 210. In 206 it was included in Xiang Yu’s kingdom of Chu. Taken over by Han in 205, the area was renamed and assigned to Liang kingdom. During the reign of Jingdi it was brought under the control of the central government as a commandery. — HS 28A, p. 1572; HSBZ 28A(2).40b; QZW 1.6b; 2.8a; Tan, no. 19 [Anhui].

Governors:

  • Shi Qing 石慶 until 122

  • Liu Qing (5) 劉慶 until 87

  • Duan Huizong 段會宗 c. 30

  • He Wu 何武 before 10 BC

  • Xie Changxi 謝長熹 c. 10

  • Shi Xu 石詡 AD 1

 

Pengcheng 彭城, see under Chu guo.

Governor:

  • (Yi) (4) until 65

 

Pinghe 平河, name adopted by Wang Mang for Qinghe

Pingyuan 平原 (WM Heping 河平) in Qingzhou. Within the restored kingdom of Qi after 210, and perhaps within Xiang Yu’s kingdom of Qi or Jibei, the area was founded as a separate commandery in 201. Pingyuan was assigned to the Han sponsored kingdom of Qi, until it was taken over directly by the central government in 144. — HS 28A, p. 1579; HSBZ 28A(2).67a; QZW 1.7b; 2.10a; Tan, no. 19 [Shandong].

Governors:

  • Xiao Wangzhi 蕭望之 after 66

  • Fu Chen 伏湛 Gengshi Emperor

 

Qian Huiguang 前煇光, see under The Metropolitan Area.

Governor:

  • Lou Hu 樓護 AD 3

 

Qiancheng 千乘 (WM Jianxin 建信) in Qingzhou. Part of the Qin commandery of Qi, Qiancheng was within the restored kingdom of Qi after 210, and within Xiang Yu’s kingdom of Qi or Jibei after 206. Founded as a separate commandery in 201, Qiancheng was assigned to the Han sponsored kingdom of Qi, until it was taken over directly by the central government in 144. — HS 28A, p. 1580; HSBZ 28A(2).70a; QZW 1.7b; 2.10a; Tan, no. 20 [Shandong].

Governor:

  • Liu Shun 劉順 (8) between 28 and 24

 

Qiansui 前隊, name adopted by Wang Mang for Nanyang

Qianzhong 黔中 Originally founded by Chu, Qianzhong was taken over by Qin in 277, becoming Wuling in Han. —QZW 1.4b; Tan, no. 11

Qijun 齊郡 (WM Ji’nan 濟南) in Qingzhou. Founded by Qin in 221, Qijun included the later Ji’nan, Taishan, Dongping, Zichuan, Beihai, Qiancheng, Pingyuan and Jibei and was renamed Linzi after 210. The commandery of Qi existed from 126 to 117 and from 110 until the end of the dynasty; see under Qiguo. — QZW 1.7b; Tan no. 8

Governor:

  • Jing Fang 京房 (1) Wudi

 

Qinghe 淸河 (WM Pinghe 平河), in Jizhou. Part of the Qin commandery of Julu, Qinghe was included in the restored kingdom of Zhao from 210. Detached as a separate commandery by Gaodi it was assigned to the Han sponsored kingdom of Zhao. It became a kingdom from 147 to 135, from 114 to 66 and from 47 to 43. In AD 2 part of the territory was detached to form Guangzong kingdom, until AD 9. — HS 9, p. 281; 14, pp. 409, 417; HS 28A, p. 1577; HSBZ 28A(2).57a; QZW 1.2b; 2.9a; Tan, no. 26 [Hebei].

Governor:

  • He Wu 何武 c. 20

 

Qisui 祁隊, see under Henan

Rinan 日南, in Jiaozhi. Stated, perhaps inaccurately, to have been within the Qin commandery of Xiang, after 210 the area was included within the kingdom set up by Zhao Tuo 趙佗. It became subject to Han penetration, with the establishment of the commandery, in 111. When this was closed in 53, the territory was assigned variously to Yulin and Zangke. — HS 28B, p. 1630; HSBZ 28B(2).12a; QZW 2. 22b; Tan, no. 35 [Vietnam]

Rufen 汝汾, name adopted by Wang Mang for part of Runan

Runan 汝南 (WM Rufen 汝汾, with one part separated under the name of Shangdu 賞都) in Yuzhou. This area had been within the Qin commanderies of Nanyang and Yingchuan, and became part of the restored kingdom of Chu from 210. In 206 it was included in Xiang Yu’s kingdom of that name. Taken over by Han in 203, it was established as a separate commandery, being assigned to Huaiyang guo between 196 and 194. From 155 to 153 it was made into the kingdom of Runan. — HS 14, p. 411; 28A, p. 1561; HSBZ 28A(2).1a; QZW 1.4b, 5a; 2.5b; Tan, no. 19 [Henan].

Governors:

  • Zheng Dangshi 鄭當時 after 119

  • Chong Huangrou 蟲皇柔 until 115

  • Yan Cang 燕倉 c. 80

  • Zhuang Xin 莊訢 c. 14

  • Sun Chong 孫寵 before 4 BC

  • Ma Gong 馬宮 before 2 BC

  • He Chang 何敞 (1) close of Wang Mang’s reign

 

Sanfu 三輔 For territory under the control of these officials, see under The Metropolitan Area

Sanchuan 三川 was founded by Qin, to become Henan jun in Han. — SJ 5, p. 219 QZW 1.4a; Tan, no. 7.

Governor:

  • Li You 李由 210—208

 

Shangdang 上黨, in Bingzhou. Originally established by Han , Shangdang jun was incorporated in Zhao and founded as a commandery of Qin in 247. Within the kingdom of Xiwei that was set up by Xiang Yu in 206, it was incorporated in Han in 205 and in 203 it was placed within Zhao kingdom. In ?144 Shangdang was established as a commandery. — HS 28A, p. 1553; HSBZ 28A(1).56b; QZW 1.2b; 2.3b; Tan, nos. 9, 18 [Shanxi].

Governors:

  • Ren Ao 任敖 after 206

  • Sun Chi 孫赤 196

  • Li Chi 李哆 after 101

  • Tian Yi 恬邑 AD 22

  • Gou Jian 苟諫 Wang Mang

  • Zhao Xing 趙興 AD 24

 

Shangdu 賞都, name adopted by Wang Mang for part of Runan

Shanggu 上谷 (WM Shuodiao 朔調) in Youzhou, formerly part of the kingdom of Yan, was established under Qin in 226. It became part of Yan kingdom between 210 and 206 and was retained in the Han kingdom of that name at least from 202. It was separated as a commandery, probably in 144. — HS 28B, p. 1623; HSBZ 28B(1).43b; QZW 1.8a; 2.20a; Tan, nos. 9, 27 [Hebei].

Governors:

  • Ban Chang 班長 before 148

  • Li Guang 李廣?144

  • He Xian 郝賢 before 121

  • Gao Jia 高嘉 Yuandi or later

  • Zhang Ru 張孺 (1) date unknown

  • Guo Ji 郭伋 Wang Mang’s reign (see HHSJJ 31.1a for correction to Shuodiao) and Gengshi Emperor (HHS 22, p. 772)

  • Gong Ci 龔賜 Guangwudi

 

Shangjun 上郡 (WM Zengshan 增山) in Liangzhou, and subsequently Bingzhou. Originally within Wei and founded by Qin, Shangjun, which included the Han commandery of Xihe, was formed into Diguo 翟國 by Xiang Yu in 206, being placed under Dong Yi 董翳 for a few months, before reverting to be a commandery under Han in 205. Part of its area was detached to form Xihe Commandery in 125. — HS 28B, p. 1617; HSBZ 28B(1).25b; QZW 1.1b; 2.17b; Tan, nos. 6, 9, 17 [Shanxi].

Governors:

  • (Xiang) (1) after 206

  • Li Guang 李廣 after 144

  • Gongsun Rongnu 公孫戎奴 121

  • Feng Yewang 馮野王 early in Chengdi’s reign

  • Feng Li 馮立 after 33

 

Shanyang 山陽 (WM Juye 鉅野) in Yanzhou. Within the Qin commandery of Dangjun, after 210 this area was part of the restored kingdom of Chu. In 206 it was included in Xiang Yu’s kingdom of that name. Taken over by Han in 202, it was assigned to Liangguo. Becoming Shanyang guo in 144, it was administered as a commandery from 136 to 97. As the kingdom of Changyi from 97, it was restored to be a commandery from 74 and remained as such until the close of the dynasty, apart from the period 33 to 25 when it was formed as a kingdom. — HS 14, pp. 408, 420; 28A, p. 1570; HSBZ 28A(2).34a; QZW 2.7b; Tan, no. 19 [Shandong].

Governors:

  • Gongsun Du 公孫度 c. 116 to 107

  • (Liang) (2) before 70

  • Zhang Chang 張敞 (1) c. 68

  • Zhu Bo 朱博 c. 14

 

Sheping 設屛, name adopted by Wang Mang for Zhangye

Shoujiang 受降, name adopted by Wang Mang for Yunzhong

Shuishun 水順, name adopted by Wang Mang for Sishui guo

Shujun 蜀郡 (WM Daojiang 導江) in Yizhou. Originally Shu kingdom, this commandery was founded by Qin in 311. It was one of the three commanderies to be included in the kingdom of Han which Xiang Yu set up under Liu Bang 劉邦 in 206, and came under the direct control of the central government in 201, being extended by the addition of Chenli jun in 97 and Minshan jun in 67. — HS 28A, p. 1598; HSBZ 28A(3).66b; QZW 1.2a; 2.15a; Tan, nos. 11, 29; [Sichuan].

Governors:

  • Wen Weng 文翁 end of Wendi’s reign

  • Feng Dang 馮當 before 148

  • Zhang Shuo 張朔 from 71

  • He Shou 何壽 before 31

  • Li Xian 李先 late in Former Han

  • Guo Fan 郭梵?Chengdi (HHS 31, p. 1091)

 

Shuodiao 朔調, name adopted by Wang Mang for Shanggu. Governors:

  • Guo Ji 郭伋

  • Geng Kuang 耿況 (HHS 22, p. 772)

 

Shuoding 朔定, name adopted by Wang Mang for Hejian guo

Shuofang 朔方 (WM Gousou 溝搜) in Shuofang, had been part of the Qin commandery of Jiuyuan and was founded in 127 after the acquisition of new territory. — HS 28B, p. 1619; HSBZ 28B(1).30b; QZW 1.3a; 2.18a; Tan, no. 17 [Inner Mongolia].

Governors:

  • Liu Tuoren 劉它人 before 14

  • (Tan) (4) AD 1

 

Sishui 泗水 was founded as a commandery of Qin in 223, becoming Peijun in Han. — QZW 1.6b; Tan, no. 8.

Governor:

  • (Zhuang) Qin

 

Suye 夙夜 was evidently established by Wang Mang as a commandery in part of Donghai. — HSBZ 99C.6a note; HS 99C, p. 4157. Governor:

  • Han Bo 韓博 AD 19

 

Taishan 泰山 existed from 87 until the end of the dynasty, being then in Yanzhou. Taishan had been part of the Qin commandery of Qi and was incorporated in a restored kingdom of Qi after 210. For a few months in 206 it was set up as Jibei guo, before returning to Qiguo as the two integral commanderies of Jibei and Boyang.

In 203 the title Taishan replaced Boyang, and both Taishan and Jibei were retained as commanderies in the Han sponsored kingdom of Qi. In 178 they were together formed into Jibei guo, until reverting to Qi in 177. Reformed as Jibei guo in 164, in 153 the area was once more administered as two commanderies, until the kingdom was re-established in 151, lasting thereafter until 87. In that year both parts were amalgamated in the commandery of Taishan. — HS 28A, p. 1581; HSBZ 28A(2). 74b; QZW 1.7b; 2.11a; Tan, no. 19, 20 [Shandong].

Governors:

  • (Ping) (8) c. 28

  • Mao Moru 毛莫如 Chengdi

  • Gong She 龔舍 nominated in Aidi’s reign, without taking appointment

  • Ding Xuan 丁玄 Pingdi

 

Taiyuan 太原, in Bingzhou, was founded by Qin in 247, including part of the Han commandery of Dingxiang. It became part of Xiwei guo, founded by Xiang Yu in 206, and part of Han in 201. In 196 it became part of Dai kingdom; and in 178 it formed a kingdom in its own right, reverting to being a part of Daiguo in 176. At the dissolution of that kingdom in 114 Taiyuan became a commandery. — HS 28A, p. 1551; HSBZ 28A(1).52b; QZW 1.2b; 2.3a; Tan, nos. 9, 18 [Shanxi].

Governors:

  • Chen Sui 陳遂 after 73

  • Zheng Chang 鄭昌 (2) before 68

  • Zhang Chang 張敞 (1) 50

  • Feng Li 馮立 after 33

  • (Rang) (2) until 31

  • Chunyu Xin 淳于信 before 21

  • Deng Yi 鄧義 before 20

  • Peng Xuan 彭宣 10—8 BC

  • Xiahou Fan 夏侯藩 after 9 BC

 

Tanjun 郯郡 see under Donghai jun

Tiandi 塡狄, name adopted by Wang Mang for Yanmen

Tianman 塡蠻, name adopted by Wang Mang for Changsha guo

Tianrong 塡戎 (or Zhenrong 鎭戎, or Zhenshu 鎭戍; HYGZ 3.13a), name adopted by Wang Mang for Tianshui.

Governor:

  • Yuan She 原涉 AD 22

 

Tianshui 天水 (WM Tianrong 塡戎), in Liangzhou, was established as a commandery in an area detached from Longxi in 114. Two of its counties were detached to form part of Jincheng in 81. — HS 28B, p. 1611; HSBZ 28B(1).11a QZW 1.1b; 2.16b; see also Heyang jun 河陽; Tan, no. 34 [Gansu].

Governors:

  • Lou Hu 樓護 Chengdi

  • Chen Li 陳立 late in Chengdi’s reign

 

Tonglu 通路, name adopted by Wang Mang for Yuyang

Tongting 同亭, name adopted by Wang Mang for Zangke

Weicheng 魏城, name adopted by Wang Mang for Weijun

Weijun 魏郡 (WM Weicheng 魏城), in Jizhou, had been part of the Qin commandery of Hedong, and was within the kingdom of Xiwei that was founded by Xiang Yu 項羽 in 206. Gaodi established it as a separate commandery in 195. — HS 28A, p. 1573; HSBZ 28A(2).46a; QZW 1.3b; 2.8b; Tan, no. 26 [Hebei].

Governor:

  • Jing Fang 京房 (2) up to 37

 

Weinan 渭南, founded by the king of Han in 205, may have corresponded with the area that was later under the control of the Governor of the Capital (Jingzhao Yin 京兆尹); it was closed probably in 198. — SJ 8, p. 369; HS 1A, p. 38

Weirong 威戎, name adopted by Wang Mang for Beidi

Wudu 武都 (WM Leping 樂平) in Liangzhou. Formerly the habitat of the Baima di 白馬氐, the commandery was formed from parts of Guanghan in 111. — HS 28B, p. 1609; HSBZ 28B(1).1a; QZW 2.16a; Tan, no. 29, 30 [Gansu]

Wufu 吾符, name adopted by Wang Mang for Peijun

Wujun 吳郡 was established after 210, being detached from the Qin commandery of Kuaiji. It was assigned to Jingguo in 202 and Wuguo in 195, to be abolished as a separate commandery during Wudi’s reign. —QZW 1.10b

Wuling 武陵 (WM Jianping 建平) in Jingzhou. As the Qin commandery of Qianzhong 黔中, after 210 the area became part of the kingdom of Chu. Taken over by Han in 205, its name was changed to Wuling. — HS 28A, p. 1594; HSBZ 28A(3).51a; QZW 1.4a; 2.14a; Tan, no. 22, 23; [Hunan]

Wuwei 武威 (WM Zhangye 張掖) in Shuofang. The habitat of the Xiuchu Wang 休屠王 of the Xiongnu 匈奴, this area was first opened by Han officials perhaps in 121. The commandery may not have been established until some time between 81 and 67. — HS 28B, p. 1612; HSBZ 28B(1).13b; QZW 2.16b; Tan, no. 34 [Gansu]; Loewe, RHA, vol. I, pp. 58—60.

Governor:

  • Wang Han 王漢 71

 

Wuyuan 五原 (WM Huojiang 獲降) in Shuofang, had been the Qin commandery of Jiuyuan 九原, which had included the Han commandery of Shuofang. Named as Wuyuan in 127 it also included newly acquired territory. — HS 28B, p. 1619; HSBZ 28B(1).32a; QZW 1.3a; 2.18b; Tan, no. 17 [Inner Mongolia].

Governors:

  • (Yanshou) 延壽 (2) before 56

  • Feng Li 馮立 after 33

  • Liu Xin 劉歆 (1) after 7 BC

  • Lu Kuang 魯匡 AD 21

 

Xia Juli 下句驪, name adopted by Wang Mang for Xuantu.

Xiangjun 象郡 Founded by Qin in 214, this commandery is stated to have included the later unit of Rinan, but this is subject to doubt. After 210 the area was included in the kingdom set up by Zhao Tuo 趙佗, and it was incorporated in the Han empire in 111. The statement that Xiangjun was closed in 76, its territory being assigned to Yulin and Zangke, is also subject to doubt, as are the situation and extent of the commandery in Qin times. — HSBZ 7.9b note; QZW 1.9b, 2.22b; Tan Qixiang, 'Qin jun xin kao', p. 4; Bielenstein, 'Population', p. 137. A Qin commandery of Xiang is shown in Tan, no. 11

Xihai 西海, name adopted by Wang Mang for Jincheng. Governor:

  • Cheng Yong 程永 AD 6

 

Xihe 西河 (WM Guixin 歸新) in Bingzhou. Included in Shangjun during Qin, this area was within the kingdom of Di that was set up by Xiang Yu in 206. Detached from Shangjun the separate commandery of Xihe was founded in 125. — HS 28B, p. 1618; HSBZ 28B(1).28a; QZW Lib; 2.18a; Tan, no. 17, 18 [Shanxi]. Governors:

  • Chang Hui 常惠 (1) until 119

  • Du Yannian 杜延年 (1) between 66 and 55

  • Feng Li 馮立 after 33

 

Xinbo 新博, name adopted by Wang Mang for Xindu guo

Xincheng 新成, name adopted by Wang Mang for Hanzhong.

Governor:

  • Ma Yuan 馬援

 

Xindu 信都, from 50 to 37 and from 23 to 5 BC; see Xindu kingdom.

Governors:

  • Zong Zheng 宗正 until 15

  • Ren Guang 任光 Gengshi Emperor

 

Xinguang 新廣, name adopted by Wang Mang for Cangwu

Xinping 新平, name adopted by Wang Mang for Huaiyang guo

Xishun 西順, name adopted by Wang Mang for Jianwei

Xuantu 玄菟 (WM Xia Juli 下句驪) in Youzhou. The four commanderies of Xuantu, Lelang 樂浪, (WM Lexian 樂鮮), Lintun 臨屯 and Zhenpan 眞番 were founded in 108, in lands that had formerly been in Chaoxian 朝鮮; Zhenpan was abandoned in 82; Lintun was incorporated in Xuantu in 75. — HS 28B, p. 1626; HSBZ 28B(1).57a; QZW 2.21a; for problems regarding location, particularly that of Zhenpan, see Gardiner, Early History of Korea, pp. 18, 28, and Ikeuchi, Mansen shi kenkyû, p. 109. Tan, no. 28 [Liaoning, North Korea].

Governors:

  • Huo Yun 霍雲 (appointed 66, but did not take up his post)

  • Wulu Chongzong 五鹿充宗 from 33

 

Xue , founded by Qin in 223, included the Han kingdom of Lu see under Qi kingdom. — QZW 1.6b; Tan, no. 8

Yandi 厭狄 name adopted by Wang Mang for Daijun

Yanjun 燕郡 between 127 and 120 (or 117). See Yanguo

Yanmen 鴈門 (WM Tiandi 塡狄) in Bingzhou. Originally part of Zhao, Yanmen, including part of the Han commandery of Dingxiang, was incorporated as a commandery in Qin in 228, becoming part of the restored kingdom of Zhao after 210, and being included in the Han kingdom of Dai in 201. It was detached to form a separate commandery, probably in 144 or 143. — HS 28B, p. 1621; HSBZ 28B(1).36a; QZW 1.3a; 2.19b; Tan, nos. 9, 18 [Inner Mongolia].

Governors:

  • Feng Jiesan 馮解散 204

  • (Hun) 196

  • Zhi Du 郅都 after 150

  • Li Guang 李廣 after 144

  • Feng Jing 馮敬 (3) 142

  • Du Huan 杜緩 51

  • Wang Chang 王昌 (2) 32

  • Duan Huizong 段會宗 after 31

 

Yanping 延平, name adopted by Wang Mang for Jiujiang

Yanrong 厭戎, name adopted by Wang Mang for Longxi.

Yingchuan 穎川 (WM Zuosui 左隊) in Yuzhou, was founded by Qin in 230. It was the seat of the restored kingdom of Han , which Xiang Yu set up under under Han Cheng 韓成 in 206, passing to Han Xin 韓信, as Liu Bang’s 劉邦 nominee, in 205. In 203 part of the territory was assigned to the newly formed commandery of Runan. In 201 the area was brought under the control of the central government as a commandery, to be assigned, either in whole or part, to Huaiyang guo in 196. It reverted to be a jun in 194. — HS 2A, p. 1560; HSBZ 28A(1).85b; QZW 1.4b; 2.5a; Tan, nos. 7, 19 [Henan].

Governors:

  • (Zun) (1) Gaodi

  • Han Yanshou 韓延壽 Zhaodi

  • (Rang) (1) until 66

  • (Guang) until 68

  • Huang Ba 黃霸 until 63

  • He Bing 何並 Aidi

  • Zhuang Xu 莊詡 Aidi and later

  • Wujiang Long 毋將隆 4 -3 BC

  • Cen Peng 岑彭 Gengshi Emperor

  • Qin Xi 秦襲 date unknown

  • He Xian 何顯 date unknown

 

Yinghe 迎河, name adopted by Wang Mang for Bohai

Yiping 沂平, name adopted by Wang Mang for Donghai.

Governor:

  • Tian Kuang 田况 AD 19

 

Yiping 翼平 For the suggestion that a commandery of this name existed in Beihai in Wang Mang’s time, see HSBZ 28A(2).84a, note to Shouguang 壽光

Yizhou 益州 (WM Jiuxin 就新) in Yizhou. Formerly the kingdom of Dian , this area became subject to Han penetration, with the foundation of the commandery, in 109. — HS 28A, p. 1601; HSBZ 28A(3).81a; QZW 2.15b; Tan, no. 31, 32; [Yunnan].

Governor:

  • Wen Qi 文齊 Pingdi

 

Youbeiping; 右北平 (WM Beishun 北順), in Youzhou. Formerly part of the kingdom of Yan, this commandery was established under Qin in 222. It became part of Yan kingdom between 210 and 206, but was reduced by the foundation of Liaodong guo (including the later Liaoxi jun) in 206, when it was placed under Han Guang 韓廣. Retained in the Han kingdom of Yan, at least from 202, it was detached to be a separate commandery, probably in 144. — SJ 7, p. 316; HS 1A, p. 28; 28B, p. 1624; HSBZ 28B (1).49a; QZW 2.20a; Tan, nos. 9, 27 [Hebei].

Governors:

  • Li Guang 李廣 123

  • Lu Bode 路博德 until 119

  • Li Xian 李先 (?end of Former Han)

 

You Fufeng 右扶風 For territory under the control of this official, see under The Metropolitan Area

Yousui 右隊, name adopted by Wang Mang for Hongnong

Youyan 有鹽, name adopted by Wang Mang for Dongping guo

Yuanhan 垣翰, name adopted by Wang Mang for Zhuojun

Yuesui 越雟 (WM Jisui 集雟) in Yizhou. The habitat of the Qiong people, this area became subject to Han penetration, with the foundation of the commandery, in. — HS 28A, p. 1600; HSBZ 28A(3).77a; QZW 2.15a; Tan, no. 29, 31, 32; [Sichuan]

Yulin 鬱林 (WM Yuping or 郁平) in Jiaozhi. Possibly within the Qin commandery of Guilin, after 210 the area was included in the kingdom set up by Zhao Tuo 趙佗. It became subject to Han penetration, with the establishment of the commandery, in 111. — HS 28B, p. 1628; HSBZ 28B(2).3a; QZW 2.21b; see also under Xiangjun above; Tan, no. 35 [Guangxi]

Governor:

  • Liu Wai 劉外 date unknown

 

Yunzhong 雲中 (WM Shoujiang 受降) in Bingzhou had been founded by Zhao. This area was taken over by Qin in 234, and became part of Zhao kingdom after 210. For a short time it was included in the Han kingdom of Zhao (until 201) and then Dai, being detached to form a commandery in 196. — HS 28B, p. 1620; HSBZ 28B(1).34a; QZW 1.3a; 2.19a; Tan, nos. 9, 18 [Inner Mongolia].

Governors:

  • Meng Shu 孟舒 (after 198)

  • (Su) before 196

  • Wei Shang 魏尙 Wendi

  • Li Guang 李廣 after 144

  • (Suicheng) 遂成 (1) 119

  • Fan Mingyou 范明友 70

  • Xin Qingji 辛慶忌 from 22

  • Zhao Junyou 趙君游 (date unknown; possibly in Later Han)

 

Yuping (or ) , name adopted by Wang Mang for Yulin; see entry for Feng Ruren 馮孺人

Yuyang 漁陽 (WM Tonglu 通路) in Youzhou. Formerly part of the kingdom of Yan this commandery, including the later Zhuojun, was established by Qin in 226. Part of the restored kingdom of Yan after 210, it was included in the Han kingdom of Yan at least from 195. It was formed as a separate commandery, probably in 144. — HS 28B, p. 1623; HSBZ 28B(1).46a; QZW 1.7b; 2. 20a; Tan, nos. 9, 27 [Hebei].

Governors:

  • (Jie) (2) c. 119

  • Peng Hong 彭宏 Aidi’s reign

 

Yuzhang 豫章 (WM Jiujiang 九江) in Yangzhou. Part of the Qin commandery of Jiujiang, this area was included in the kingdom of Jiujiang that was founded by Xiang Yu in 206. Taken over by Han, it was assigned to the kingdom of Huainan in 196, to become a commandery under the central government in 174, and to be restored to Huainan guo on its re-establishment in 164. From 122 it was administered as a commandery under the central government. — HS 28A, p. 1593; HSBZ 28A(3).40a; QZW 1.6b; 2.13b; Tan, no. 24, 25; [Jiangxi, Fujian].

Governors:

  • Qing Pu 慶普 after 70

  • (Liao) from 63

  • Xiahou Dingguo 夏侯定國 date unknown

 

Yuzhi 郁秩, name adopted by Wang Mang for Jiaodong guo

Zangke 牂柯 (WM Tongting 同亭) in Yizhou. The former kingdom of Yelang 夜郎, this area became subject to Han penetration, with the foundation of the commandery in 111. — HS 28A, p. 1602; HSBZ 28A(3).89b; QZW 2.15b; see also under Xiangjun above; Tan, no. 30, 32; [Guizhou].

Governors:

  • Chen Li 陳立 25

  • Zhou Qin 周欽 Wang Mang

 

Zengshan 增山, name adopted by Wang Mang for Shangjun. — HHS 24, p. 828.

Governor:

  • Ma Yuan 馬員 AD 23

 

Zhangjun 鄣郡, see under Danyang

Zhangye 張掖 (1) (WM Sheping 設屛) in Shuofang, was established either in 111 or 104. Two of its counties were detached to form part of Jincheng in 81. — HS 28B, p. 1613; HSBZ 28B(1).15a; QZW 2. 17a; Tan, no. 33 [Gansu]; Loewe, RH A, vol. I, pp. 58—60.

Governors:

  • Xin Qingji 辛慶忌 Yuandi

  • Niu Shang 牛商 until 18

  • Xiao Xian 蕭咸 Aidi or Pingdi

 

Zhangye 張掖, (2) name adopted by Wang Mang for Wuwei

Zhaosui 兆隊 (incorrectly given as Zhaoyang 兆陽) name adopted by Wang Mang for Hedong

Zhaoyang 兆陽, see Zhaosui 兆隊

Zhenpan 眞番, from 108 to 82; see under Xuantu 玄菟

Zhenrong 鎭戎, or Zhenshu 鎭戍; Tianrong 塡戎

Governor:

  • Ren Gui 任貴 Wang Mang

 

Zhenshu 鎭戍, see Zhenrong 鎭戎, Tianrong 塡戎.

Zhenyi 眞夷 name adopted by Wang Mang for Langye

Zhiting 治亭, see under Dongjun

Zhongdi 中地 (or Zhongbu 中部), founded by the king of Han in 205, may have corresponded with the area that was later under the control of the Metropolitan Superintendent of the Right (You Fufeng 右扶風;). It was closed in 198. — SJ 8, p. 369; HS 1 A, p. 38; HSBZ 19B.3a note.

Governor:

  • Xuan Yi 宣義 c. 201

 

Zhu'a 珠厓 The commanderies of Zhu'a and Daner 儋耳 were established in Hainan Island in 111; Daner was assimilated to Zhu'a in 82; Zhu'a was withdrawn in 46. — HS 6, p. 188; 7, p. 223; 9, p. 283; Tan, nos. 35, 36 [Guangdong]

Zhuojun 涿郡 (WM Yuanhan 垣翰) in Youzhou had been part of the Qin commandery of Yuyang and was within Yanguo between 210 and 206. Being part of the Han kingdom of Yan thereafter, it may have existed as a separate commandery between 127 and 120, but it was subsequently within Yan until its formation as such in 80. — HS 28A, p. 1577; HSBZ 28A(2).59a; QZW 2.9b; Tan, no. 27 [Hebei].

Governors:

  • Liu Quli 劉屈氂 until 91

  • Zheng Chang 鄭昌 (2) c. 68

  • Zhuang Yannian 莊延年 (2) after 61

  • Xu Ming 徐明 early Yuandi

  • Lu Xin 劉歆 (1) after 7 BC

 

Zichuan 淄川, from 155 to 153; see under Zichuan guo

Zuo Pingyi 左馮翊 For territory under the control of this official, see under The Metropolitan Area

Zuosui 左隊 name adopted by Wang Mang for Yingchuan. — HHS 29.1024.

Governor:

  • Lu Bing 逯並 end of Wang Mang

 

(d) REGIONAL GROUPS ( Bu, Zhou) AS AT AD 1-2

Bingzhou 幷州; Dingxiang, Hedong (after 87), Shangdang, Shangjun (after Wudi’s reign), Taiyuan, Xihe, Yanmen, Yunzhong.

Regional Inspector:

  • Zhu Bo 朱博 Chengdi’s reign

 

Regional Commissioner:

  • Song Hong 宋弘 (2) AD 16

  • Guo Ji 郭伋 Wang Mang’s reign

 

Jiaozhou 交州; Cangwu, Hepu, Jiaozhi, Jiuzhen, Nanhai, Rinan, Yulin.

Regional Inspector:

  • Deng Xun 鄧勳 date unknown

 

Jingzhou 荆州; Changsha guo, Guiyang, Jiangxia, Lingling, Nanjun, Nanyang, Wuling. Regional Inspector:

  • Dongmen Yun 東門雲 late in Former Han

 

Regional Commissioners:

  • Chen Ji 陳級 Aidi’s reign

  • Fei Xing 費興 AD 18

 

Jizhou 冀州; Changshan, Guangping guo, Hejian guo, Henei (for a short time after 87), Julu, Qinghe, Weijun, Xindu guo, Zhaoguo, Zhending guo, Zhongshan guo. Regional Inspectors:

  • (Lin) (1) 66

  • Zhang Chang 張敞 (1) after 55 (Chang) (2) 53—50

  • Man Xuan 滿宣 (recommended in Yuandi’s reign

  • Chen Xian 陳咸 (1) early in Chengdi *s reign

  • Zhu Bo 朱博 early in Chengdi’s reign

  • Sun Bao 孫寶 after 20

  • Xiao Yu 蕭育 Chengdi s reign

 

Regional Commissioners:

  • Fan Long 范隆 7 BC

  • Wujiang Long 毋將隆 Aidi

  • Wu Xiang 武襄 AD 5

  • Pang Meng 龐萌 Gengshi Emperor

 

Liangzhou 涼州; Anding, Beidi, Longxi, Shangjun (initially), Tianshui, Wudu. Regional Inspectors:

  • Gong Yu 貢禹 (2) Yuandi’s reign

  • Gu Yong 谷永 15

  • Du Ye 杜鄴 7BC

 

Qingzhou 靑州; Beihai, Donglai, Gaomi guo, Jiaodong guo, Ji'nan, Pingyuan, Qiancheng, Qijun, Zichuan guo. Regional Inspectors:

  • Juan Buyi 雋不疑 86

  • Liu De 劉德 (7) (acting) 79

  • Xiao Yu 蕭育 Chengdi

  • Hu Chang 胡常 18

  • Ma Gong 馬宮 before 2 BC

 

Regional Commissioners:

  • Fang Feng 房鳳 after 5 BC

  • Zhai Yi 敵義 Pingdi

 

Shuofang 朔方州 (QZW 4.4a); Dunhuang, Jincheng, Jiuquan, Shuofang, Wuwei, Wuyuan, Zhangye. Regional Inspectors:

  • Zhai Fangjin 翟方進 28

  • Ping Dang 平當 Chengdi’s reign

  • Xiao Yu 蕭育 Chengdi

 

Sili xiaowei 司隸校尉; Henei, Henan, Hongnong, Hedong, Jingzhao Yin, You Fufeng, Zuo Pingyi. Incumbents of the office:

  • Li Chong 李种 before 86

  • (Bibing) 辟兵 74

  • (Chang) (4) 53

  • Ge Kuanrao 蓋寬饒 Xuand

  • Xiao Yu 蕭育 Yuandi

  • Zhuge Feng 諸葛豐 Yuandi

  • Wang Zun 王尊 40

  • Wang Zhang 王章 (2) early in Chengdi’s reign

  • Wang Jun 王駿 (1) 30

  • Yuan Feng 轅豐 29

  • Juan Xun 涓勳 15

  • He Wu 何武 13

  • Chen Qing 陳慶 (1) Chengdi’s reign

  • Fang Shang 方賞 6 BC

  • Sun Bao 孫寶 Aidi’s reign

  • Xie Guang 解光 Aidi’s reign

  • Bao Yong 鮑永 Guangwudîs reign

 

Xuzhou 徐州; Chuguo, Donghai. Guangling guo, Langye, Linhuai, Luguo (HSBZ 28B(2) 35b note), Sishui guo. Regional Inspector:

  • Wang Zun 王尊 29

 

Regional Commissioner:

  • Li Zidu 力子都 Gengshi Emperor

 

Yangzhou 揚州; Henei, Henan, HongnongDanyang, Jiujiang, Kuaiji, Lu'an guo, Lujiang, Yuzhang. Regional Inspectors:

  • Zhang Shu 張叔 (1) probably shortly after 106

  • Wei Xiang 魏相 after 77

  • Huang Ba 黃霸 before 63

  • (Ke) after 63

  • DaiSheng 戴聖 after 31

  • He Wu 何武 c. 25

  • Deng Long 鄧隆 date unknown

 

Regional Commissioners:

  • Shisun Zhang 史孫張 after 8 BC

  • Li Shen 李棽 AD 21

  • Ma Yu 馬余 Wang Mang’s time

 

Yanzhou 兗州; Chengyang guo, Chenliu, Dongjun, Dongping guo, Jiyin, Shanyang, Taishan.

Regional Inspectors:

  • Hao Shang 浩賞 34

  • Jiang Xu 蔣詡 before AD 5

 

Regional Commissioners:

  • Shou Liang 壽良 AD 23

  • Wang Hong 王閎 (1) AD 23

 

Yizhou 益州; Bajun, Guanghan, Hanzhong, Jianwei, Shujun, Yizhou, Yuesui, Zangke.

Regional Inspectors:

  • Ren An 任安 before 91

  • Wang Ji (2) 王吉 after 74

  • Wang Xiang (2) 王襄 c. 61

  • Wang Zun 王尊 after 42

  • Sun Bao 孫寶 20

 

Regional Commissioner:

  • Li Qiang 李彊 (2) date unknown

 

Yongzhou 庸州 (name adopted by Wang Mang for Yizhou).

Regional Commissioners:

  • Shi Xiong 史熊 AD 14

  • Li Ye 李曄 AD 19

  • Lian Dan 廉丹 ?AD 22

  • Chen Qing 陳慶 (3) AD 23

 

Youzhou 幽州; Bohai, Daijun, Guangyang guo, Lelang, Liaodong, Liaoxi, Shanggu, Xuantu, Youbeiping, Yuyang, Zhuojun.

Regional Inspector:

  • Wang Jun 王駿 (1) c. 35

 

Regional Commissioners:

  • Miao Zeng 苗曾 Gengshi Emperor

  • Zhao Youqing 趙游卿 date unknown; possibly in Later Han

 

Yuzhou 豫州; Huaiyang guo (QZW 4.2b), Liang guo, Peijun, Runan, Yingchuan.

Regional Commissioners:

  • Zhang Chang 張敞 (1) after 74

  • Bao Xuan 鮑宣 Aidi

 

1 See Quan Zuwang, 1.1a, preface by Zhang Shouyong 張壽鏞 (dated 1932), and 8a—9b, and Tan Qixiang, ‘Qin jun xin kao’.

2 See Han shu bu zhu 28B (2).23b note and Yang Shuda, Han shu kui guan, p. 150.

3 For the Cishi, later entitled Mu , and the zhou, see HS 6, p. 197; 19A, p. 737; 28A (1), p. 1543; Jin shu 14, pp. 405—6; QZW 4.1a.

4 E.g., see Han shu 99C, p. 4192 for reference to a Governor of Chending, i.e. Liang.

5 HS 99A, p. 4077; 99B, p. 4136.

6 HS 12, p. 357; 13, p. 368; 19A, p. 736; 28A, pp. 1543, 1545, 1546; HSBZ 12.8a; 28A(1).19a, 24b, 30b; QZW 1.1a; 2.1a, 2a, 2b; Tan nos. 5, 6 and 15 [Shaanxi].

7 The change is dated to 135 in the original notes of HS 28A, pp. 1543, 1545, 1546, but to 155 in HS 19A, p. 736. Many commentators, including Quan Zuwang, accept 155 as the correct date, but in general the entries for appointments in HS 19B lend support to HS 28 rather than to HS 19A, although there are a few instances of appointment as Zuo Neishi and You Neishi before 135 (see HSBZ 28A (1).19b, note). For a full presentation of the evidence and the views of earlier commentators, see Kamada Shigeo 鎌田重雄, Kandai no Sampo, pp. 106—8. Kamada concludes by rejecting 155 in favour of 135.

Michael Loewe