Michael Loewe

Index

A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC - AD 24)

abdication 8

Academicians 265, 326; appointed by Liu De (1) 290; pupils 299, 359; quota of 544; in Wendi’s reign 311

access to the emperor, by officials 176

accuracy, of documents 478

acupuncture 53

administrative documents, of Qin empire 255; of Yinwan 252, 325

aged, privileges of 597

agricultural colonies 264

agriculture, encouragement of 325; importance of 188, 410; methods 137, 706; production 28; promotion of 248, 308; promotion under Jingdi 342; writings on 551, 710

alchemy 244, 372, 677; see gold

alcoholic drink, control of sale 416

almanacs 53

amity, treaty of, see Heqin

Analects 119, 388; exposition of 697; study by a member of the imperial family 349

ancestors, services to 325

animal fight 638

Anshi yue 595

Ao granary 460, 540, 634, 398; importance of 235; see also Xingyang

apparition, of Li Furen 219

appointment, by purchase 690

archery, Li Guang’s skill at 220

archives, included in the Shiji 49, 50; from Yinwan 252, 325

astronomy 118, 479, 486, 502, 566, 613

Ba feng tai 493

Ba yi dance 433

Ba, use of title 144

Bahu Jiangjun 138

Baihu Jiangjun 570

Baihu tong 6

ban on service at centre 447

banishment, to Dunhuang 113, 233, 247, 251, 351, 611, 629; to Fangling 304, 332, 365, 402; of Fu family members 109; of Fu Yan 110; to Hepu 54, 66, 67, 69, 241, 323, 478, 563, 611, 612, 701; of Hao Shang’s family 153; to Jiuquan 641; to Liaoxi 379, 713; to Sanwei 720; to Shangyong 333, 350; to Shu 448, 662; to Xihai 450

Baoxia canal 693

Baoye dao 672

Baoyuan taiping jing 113

‘barricade’ style tomb 68, 318; for Huo Guang 172

battle, description of 112, 574

Bei cheng Jiangjun 532

betel-nut 503

Bian Que 52, 496, 635

Bie lu 74, 375

Bing fa 53, 103, 149, 685

Bingfeng fu 244, 636

birds, language of 636, 639

Biyong 211, 290, 325, 374, 384, 385, 450. 499, 541, 608

black, power of 258

Bo xue 162

Bo, title conferred by Wang Mang 61, 238

body, preservation of 56, 496

books, collection of 7, 81, 85

Boshi chen Xian dui 597

botanical treatise 412

bows, special type of 224

bride, for non-Chinese leader 168, 359, 398

broken rail, in palace 743

Bu tao Jiangjun 211

Bubing Jiangjun 531

Bureau of Music see Yue fu

burial, in simple style 633; instructions for simple 669; styles of 374

Cairen 108

calendar 8, 50, 54, 59, 85, 129, 161, 206, 232, 279, 374, 430, 468, 485, 616, 623, 646, 675, 691, 754; Ni Kuan and 442; reform of 384

calendrical science 118

calligraphy 671

campaigning, cost of 575; problems of 750; problems in north 747

canal, construction of 442, 617; project for 721; for irrigation 446

candidates for office, call for 250, 263, 325

Cang jie 161, 229

Cang jie pian 81, 677

Cangjie shun zuan 639

canonical texts 279

Caobu jian 81

capital city, choice of 146, 412, 542, 685; Chang’an as 257; suggested move 645

castration, as a punishment 181, 682

Chancellor of State, of a kingdom 107

Chancellor, of the Left 350

chancellors, weak powers of 479

Chancellors, of Left and Right 309

Chang ping cang 117, 264

Chang’an, breach of walls 549; as capital 257, 413; crime in 648; incendiarism in 739; name of 542; panic in 250; walls of 398, 642

change of name 66, 131, 132, 191, 199, 211, 324, 624

Changle hu jiang 647

Changling, site of tomb for Chengdi 53, 112, 132, 252, 374, 449, 524, 611, 670

Changping cang 359, 607

Changshui xiaowei 133, 661

Changyang fu 638

Chen sheng Liu Taiping huangdi 593

Chen Shou Zhou ji 481

Chengmen Jiangjun 709

Chengmen Xiaowei 707

Chengzhou 645

Chi jing zi 113

Chi shu 81

Chidi (Power of Red) 539

Chimei Jiangjun 532

Chinese bride, for non-Chinese leader 168, 359, 398

Chinese language, used by Xiongnu 728

Chiyou, sacrifice to 254

Chu ci 448

Chu Han chunqiu 416

Chunqiu 71, 72; compilation of 161; promoted by Dong Zhongshu 72

Chunqiu fanlu 73

Ci guan 213

cinnabar, private monopoly 455; profits from 531

Cishi 670

clouds, energy of 253, 467

clover, brought to China 278

cock-fighting 261

code of behaviour 482

coinage 60, 188, 428, 475, 693; ban on minting 342; control of 277; illegal minting 623; private minting 594; replacement of 122; under Wang Mang 543; under Wendi 308

collation of literature 374, 459, 492, 523, 639

colonies, 264, 300, 544; at Chigu cheng 613; at Luntai 215, 277, 509; of the north-west 26; at Quli 487; at Yanqi 613; at Yixun 582; as advised by Zhao Chongguo 703; sponsored 463

comet 49, 70; (of 157 BC) 341; (of 110 BC) 553; (of AD 22) 752; in Yuandi’s reign 356

commanderies, established by Gaodi 255, 257; under Jingdi 341—2; founded under Wudi 275—6, 278; presentation of accounts 741

commercial dues 156

commission of enquiry 153, 184, 231, 250, 416, 464, 562, 611; (of 86 and 81 BC) 300; (of 62 BC) 226, 263; (Yuandi’s reign) 358; (of 17 and 14 BC) 248; (of AD 4) 454

commoner status, 688; reduction to 214, 246, 266, 286, 297, 329, 332, 353, 379, 390, 412, 484, 492, 533, 598, 629, 704, 715, 722, 724

confidentiality 475, 489, 547, 615, 738

Confucian ideals 528; praised by Du Qin 82

Confucius 323; assessed by Liu Xin 384; authority of 251; descent from Yin 435; honours to 357, 639; house of 279, 402; praised by Dong Zhongshu 71, 72; sacrifice by Gaodi 258; services to 206, 210; teachings of 261

conscription, age of 340

contraband goods 620

contract, for purchase of slave 634

convicts, in armed forces 13, 28, 300, 413, 434, 540, 714; banished to Xihai 544; in battle 148; in iron agency 473; on light duty 703; settled in the south 711; in repairs at Yellow River 180

copper mines, of Yandao 60

copper resources, of Wu 335

corpse, purposeful destruction of 349, 520 349, 504, 564, 642, 648

court luxuries, reduction of 359

crime, responsibility for 358

criminals, in armed forces 138, 184, 645, 653, 655, 744; settled in the west 324

cruelty, of officials 419

cults of state 670, 742;

cults of state 742, sites for 85

cyclical rule, of dynasties 259

Da bo jing 617

Da Changshi 159

Da Du lü 86

Da Sikong, establishment of 249

Da Sima, establishment of 249

Da Xia, Shu’s produce in 688

Da xue 71

Da Yin 543

Da yitong 72

Dabaotai tomb 318

Dafu, as governor 555, 719, 741, 757; as counsellor 757

Daiyu 99

Daizhao chen Ancheng Weiyang shu 1

Daizhao jinma Liao Cang 240

dance, at imperial shrines 339; at Wendi’s shrine 310

Dao 21, 645

Dao yin 685

Daojia 78

Dazhui 158, 498

death penalty 250; reluctance of Wendi 99, 104, 153, 271; of Wudi 268, 332, 333; of Xuandi 350

decrees, of Empress 399; forgery of 561; of Grand Empress Dowager 537, 564; illegal retention of copies 61; issued by Liu Chang (1) 271

deerskin, used for collection of revenue 631, 693

Deng shi qian 60

Dependent States 169, 264; established 175; use of cavalry of 221

deposal of monarchs 172

desecration of graves 664, 672; of First Qin Emperor 256

destruction of human corpse 349, 504, 520, 564, 642, 648

Deyang shrine 345

Di Ku 546

di, use of title by two monarchs 415, 711

dialect, of Qi 295

dialects, differences in 107

dialogue form, in Dongfang Shuo’s essays 74

Ding hu Jiangjun 560

dismemberment of a body 461

dissection, for medical purposes 568

divination 45, 50, 460, 538, 749; before accession 307; with use of cocks’ bones 658; by professionals 484

diviner’s board 541, 597

diviners, integrity of 189

divining stalks, and the Changes 96

division of imperial rule 601

Dizhu obstruction 446

documentation (for 117 BC) 312

documents, duplicated 619; suppression of 619; from Xianyang 603; from Yinwan 252, 325

Dong bu du you 159

Dong di, as title 272, 336

Donghai commandery, registers of 479

Dongyu Jiangjun 747

dragons, appearance of 124

drum, of an office 536

Du Zhong suan shu 85

Dunhuang, see under banishment

duplicate copies of documents 619

duplication, in the Han shu 296

dwarfs, at court 74

dykes, of Runan 624

dynastic cycle 374

earth, as patron element 124, 187, 485; as patron element of Xin 539; services to 249

earthquake 541; of 29 BC 248, 348

earthquake and eclipse (of 29 BC) 82, 132, 248, 348

eclipse 563, 683; (of 57 or 54 BC) 44, 641; (of 54 BC) 263; (of 25 BC) 82, 521; (of 2 BC) 63, 85, 208, 529, 548, 581; (of AD 1) 454; (of AD 14) 450, 454; (of AD 14, 16) 543; interpretation of 697; in Jingdi’s reign 340; in Yuandi’s reign 356; cited by Zhang Kuang (1) 549; and earthquake (29 BC) 82, 132, 248, 348

economic controls 97, 157; of Wang Mang 385, 484;

economic distress, in Yuandi’s reign 121

economic measures, of Geng Shouchang 117

economic problems 463

economies, call for 645; under Yuandi 358

edict, forgery 571

emperor, duties of 71, 72, 248; function of 279

Empress Dowager, authority of 305, 323, 324, 465; decrees of 247, 379, 523, 515

enumeration of years 676

epitaph inscriptions 536

estate, with Nobility of the Interior, see Nobility of the Interior

eunuchs 60, 116;

eunuch, in Qi kingdom 287, 449; in Qin 146, 705; in Gaodi’s reign 92; in Huidi’s reign 397; in time of Empress Lü 511, 698; in Wendi’s reign 309, 710, 728; in Wudi’s reign 233, 705; in Xuandi’s reign 619; in Xuandi, Yuandi’s reigns 479; in Yuandi’s reign 159, 357, 607; in AD 15 540; employment of 477; ennoblement of 427; limitation of 249

evidence, suppression of 512

expansion, under Wudi 278

expansionist policy, criticism of 744

export trade 278

extermination of family, as punishment 64, 124, 428, 448, 512, 553, 555, 710; demanded by Wendi 690

extravagance, criticism of 121—2

Fa yan 158, 638

factionalism 155

Fan jiang 488

Fan Lisao 638

Fangling see under Banishment

fangzheng 263

favouritism, castigated 529

Feng and Shan rites 62, 129, 280, 384, 442, 469, 488, 553, 624, 712, 727; performed by Huo Qubing 175, 575

Fengzhong ci yue 504

Fenwu Jiangjun 499, 531

Ferghana 221

fire, in Gaodi’s shrine 750; in Wendi’s shrine 173

First Qin Emperor, attempted murder 683; paternity of 420, 426, 549; tomb of 256

‘Five Baits’ policy 189

fiscal administration, by Wang Boqi 66

fisheries 618; tax on 117

Five Phases 72, 232; see also Wu xing

Five Powers (Wu di), colours of 258; services to 249; worship of 308, 343, 357

flogging, as punishment 340

floods 96, 100; (of 17 BC) 499

fogs, as a portent 637

forgery, of a decree 561, 571, 681; of documents 112, 623, 655

fortunes, growth of private 277

fratrilinear succession 663

fu, of Ban Biao 4, 22; of Ban Gu 6, 62—3; of Ban Jieyu 7; of Bie Xuyang 11; of Cai Jia, 17; of Chang Shi 26; of Dong Zhongshu 73; of Du Can 81; of Feng Shang 100; of Hua Long 162; of Jia Chong 184; of Jia Yi 189; of Li Buchang 217; of Li Xi (2) 231; of Li Zhong (1) 235; of Liu An (2) 244; of Liu De (7) 292; of Liu Qin (1) 347; of Liu Xiang (1) 372; of Liu Yan (2) 392; of Liu You (1) 400; of Liu Yue (1) 339, 403; of Lu Gong 415; of Lu Jia 416; of Lü Jia (3) 523; of Mei Gao 435; of Mei Sheng 436; of Ni Kuan 442; of Qin Chong 454; of Qing Qiuzhi 455; of Sima Qian 486; of Sima Xiangru 488; of Su Ji 491; of Sui Hong 496; of Wang Bao (1) 517; of Wang Guang 523; of Wang Long (2) 536; of Wang Shang (3) 550; of (Wu) 584; of Wudi 279; of Xiao Wangzhi 608; of Xie Duo 609; of Xu Bo 617; of Xu Ming 621; of Xue Fang 626; of Yang Xiong 251, 638; of (Yannian) (3) 642; of (Yi) (2) 644; of Yi Hua 646; of (Yingqi) (1) 657; of (Yue) 666; of Zhang Feng 680; of Zhang Ren 689; of Zhang Yan (2) 695; of Zhang Ziqiao 699; of Zhou Changru 732; of Zhu Jian 740; of Zhu Maichen 741; of Zhu Yu 743; of Zhuang Congqi 745; of Zhuang Ji 745; of Zhuang Zhu 749; of Zou Yang 754; composed at the court of Liu Wu (2) 367; by ministers of Changsha 294; presented to Liu Yu (1) 402; writers in Wudi’s reign 279

Fu Han Da Jiangjun 675

Fu ming 539, 546

Fu tu Jiangjun 117, 694, 755

Fu xi yushi 715

Fucheng 543

Fuju Jiangjun 125

funeral, official gifts at 154

fuzuo 342

gambler, reputation of 202

games of chance 454

Ganquan fu 638

Gao Yao, services to 464

Gaodi, fire at shrine of 70; reduction of honours 499; shrines of 482

Gaojuli 544

Gaozong, title of Yuandi 542

garrison forces, in the north-west 278

Gechuan Jiangjun 630, 744

Geng Chang yue xing bo tu 118

Geng Chang yue xing du 118

Gengshi Jiangjun 201, 237, 474, 719

geshi 212; of Ju Zhong 203

Gewu, game of 667

ghost, of Liu Xin (1) 386

‘Giant Rat’ 404

giant, report of 144

gold, ban on private possession 543, manufacture of 227, 245, 277, 291, 342, 372, 480

‘golden man’ statue captured by Huo Qubing 174, 616

Gong, as a title 323

Gongyang zhuan 72, 265, 372, 609

government agencies, abolition of 359; structure under Wang Mang 542; tasks of 597

governors, grades of 358

grading, of officials 95, 431, 467; of Regional Commissioners 41

grain, delivery of 463; price, transport of 117, 264, 607

grapes, brought to China 24

Gu wen text, of the Changes 96

Guan Duwei 648

Guangwu jun 237

Guanzi 16, 105, 217

gui, services to 249

Guliang zhuan 18, 72, 265, 372, 461, 609; sponsorship for 251

Guo Dafu, bestowal of title 91

Guo Qin lun 50, 188

Guoshi, title of Liu Xin (1) 385; of Miao Xin 439

Guoyu 375

Hainan 359, 548; reorganisation of 299; withdrawal from 185

Han Confucianism 70, 278

Han dynasty, renewal of 232, 252

Han Fei 279, 511, 577

Han Fu yuan nian, term used for dating 568

Han gu 151

Han house, descent from Xia, Yin, Zhou 434; loss of Mandate 113; see also Yao

Han li calendar 129, 443

Han nei zhuan 151

Han shi wai zhuan 151

Han shu, compilation of 100; defective information of 151

Han version of the Songs 18

Han wai zhuan 151

Han Xin san pian 149

Han yu 176

hat, devised by Liu Bang 253, 257

Heaven, as guide to mankind 248; and dynastic destiny 208, 232; and imperial sovereignty 71, 186

Heaven and Earth, services to 214, 249, 255 (by Liu Bang)

Heaven, Earth and Man 52, 232, 278, 308, 645

Hedong, foundation of commandery 569

Hedong fu 638

Henghai Jiangjun 151

Hengye Jiangjun 416

Heping, adoption of regnal title 560

Hepu, see under banishment

Heqin 61, 143, 145, 180, 205, 216, 309, 413, 428, 434, 443, 458, 504, 526, 556, 590, 637, 713

herding dues 54

hereditary office 485, 486, 502

hereditary succession 8, 78, 158, 307

hereditary system 228

hermits 75

hexagrams, advice of 579; interpreter of 556

highway, central reserve 670

historical account of Wang Mang 648

historical writing, motives for 485

histories, compilation of 4, 6, 161

Hong bao yuan bi shu 372

Hong fan 232

Hong fan wu xing zhuan lun 374

horse liver, consumption of 50

horses, attempts to procure 202; ban on export 342; on campaigns 575; doctor of 683; export banned 577; nine named 215; physiognomy of 167; price of 458; shortage of 180

Hou Han shu 6

Hou shi shuo 158

Hou tu, cults to 129, 249, 487, 488

Hu Qiang Xiaowei 614

Huainanzi 244

Huang and Lao 4, 18, 20, 21, 61, 78, 80, 115, 180, 291, 308, 338, 505, 511, 550, 633, 666, 712, 721; opposition to 127

Huangdi (Power of Yellow) 539

Huangdi (Yellow Emperor) 173, 469, 500; as ancestor of Wang Mang 542; attention to 280; time-interval from 691; sacrifice to 254

Huangdi tiaoli 232

Huangzhi 325

Huben Jiangjun 240, 528, 533

Hujun she shi Wang He she shu 524

‘human pig, 452

human sacrifice 222

Huo Jitang 53

Huya Jiangjun 240, 561

hydraulic experts 133, 145; problems 155, 208; works 97, 467

hymns, at religious cults 280

immortal beings 417

immortality, search for 129, 131, 152, 158 imperial cults, site of 247

imperial highway, infringement 718

imperial robes, monthly conveyance 211, 482, 697

imperial shrines 245, 382, 445, 539, 620, 755; damaged by fire 70; dismantlement 447; infringement of 218; proposed reduction 122; in provinces 647; responsibility for 358; services to 155; of Huidi, Jingdi 120

imperial sovereignty 4, 28

imperial titles 233

imperial tombs, damaged 541

imposture, case of 45, 203, 298, 587

imprecation 97, 738

India 425, 548; passage to 3

indictment, of Liu Chang (1) 15

infanticide 122

inscriptions, set up by Second Qin Emperor 653

interest rates 395

inundation, as a military tactic 148

iron agencies, of Qin 484; riots in 250, 493; see monopolies

iron, ban on sale of goods 711; control of 277;

foundries in Zhao kingdom 334; smelting 46

irrigation project 612, 722, 746; in Dunhuang 614

jade-suit 77, 244, 284, 348, 354, 367, 388, 402, 707, 731, 736; for Dong Xian (2) 66; of Fu Taihou 109; with gold lace 387; for Huo Guang 172; of a noble 345

Ji chan 373

Jian, form of character 793

Jiang Dafu 198

Jiang shi shuo 193

Jiangtun Jiangjun 527, 619

Jianwei commandery, establishment of 503; form of name 793

Jianwei Jiangjun 144, 532, 560

Jianzhang Palace 658

Jiao lie fu 638

Jiaoxi, misgovernment in 294

Jibin, relations with 81

Jie and Zhou 540, 556, 640, 663; portraits of 556

Jie chao 638

Jie nan 638

Jijiu pian 359, 480

Jimi 607

Jincheng Shu guo 703

Jing Fang Yi zhuan 200, 248

Jing Junming tui dao shu 200

Jing Ke lun 201

Jing Ke, painting of 349

Jing shi Duan Jia 87, 200

Jing shi ri zhan tu 200

Jing shi shi wu xing zai yi zhuan 200

Jing shi Yi zhuan 200

jing tian 445, 500, 681

Jinu Jiangjun 532

Jitang 53

Jiu wei 373

Jiu zhen 638

Jiuquan see under banishment

Juanyong 213

Juci, as Xiongnu title 57, 58

Judicial Referees, establishment of 419

Jue ming ci 612

Juedi games 277, 359, 528

Jun hou jia cheng 83

Jun shu system 277, 463

Jun, title granted to a woman 668

Junshi Jiangjun 532

Jushe, regnal title 538 3

Jushi, relations with 205

Juyan, defence lines of 264

Kang Youwei 384

Kangju, relations with 112

Karashahr 57, 140, 174, 613

Keeper of the Jades 20

Keeper of the Silks 20

kingdoms, establishment of 257; reduction of 79; reserved for Liu family 505, 535, 586; restoration of 250; size of 189; under Jingdi 340—2; under Wendi 307; under Xuandi 265; under Yuandi 358

kings’ sons, as nobles 750

kings, powers of 750

kings, treatment of 354

Kong congzi, appended text 212

Kucha 26, 47, 106, 251, 382

Kumano Shingû 618

Kunmo, visit to Chang’an 382

Kunyang, battle of 540

land, illegal purchase 570, 582; limitation of holdings 72, 155, 208, 381, 476; sale of 543; tax 342

Lang Yi 374

Lang, nomination of 381

language of animals, birds 636, 639

Laozi 50, 749; exposition of 2; text of 290; value of 7

Laozi Fu shi jing shuo 108

Laozi Xu shi jing shuo 622

‘Large Hat’ (Du Ye) 85

laws of the empire 603, 605; complexity of 419; of Liu Bang 255; principles 692; procedures 263; simplification of 250

learning, a woman’s reputation for 479

legal changes 27, 28, 188, 340, 542, 716

legal measures, of Qin 72; issued by Liu Chang (1) 272

legitimacy, dynastic 166, 663; of sovereign 343

Lelang, establishment of commandery 630

Li 308, 622, 624

Li guan Dafu 123, 622, 624

Li guo Jiangjun 707

Li Han Jiangjun 102, 499

Li ji, text of 290

Li Jiangjun she fa 220

Li, importance of 187, 374; text of 290

Liang, difficulty in governing 293; strategic position in 154 BC 341

Lianshuai 543

Liaoxi see under banishment

Lienü zhuan 373

Ling, duties of 757

Lingtai 290

Linjiang Jiang 166

Lintun, establishment of commandery 630

liquor, monopoly of 463, 510

literary discussions, in Huainan 244

literature, ban lifted 397; collation of 374, 459, 492, 523, 639; collection of 374; composition of 5; search for 34, 544

Liu Bang, abandonment of children 597

Liu family, reduction of honours 499

Liu yi 72

Liubo 39, 338, 617

local conditions, customs study of 697, 740

local maps, registers 206

locusts 541

longevity, claim for 227

‘Loose Rein’ policy 607

Longxing, as regnal title 130

Louchuan Jiangjun 634

Loulan, murder of the king 106; relations with Han 2; renamed Shanshan 582

loyalty, price of 753; transfer of 225

Lu Anchang hou shuo 697

Lü shi chunqiu, compilation of 421

, the twelve 199, 645

Luan Gong she 429

lucerne, brought to China 24

Luntai 215, 463; butchery of inhabitants 222; colonies at 300, 509

Lunyu 93; familiarity with 481; studied by Liu Qu 349

Luoyang, proposed as capital 539, 541

mai (vessels) 52, 635

Mai fa 53

Mancheng tombs 354

Mandate of Heaven 31, 55, 71, 214, 311, 373, 416, 496, 530, 539, 593, 610, 726; renewal needed for Han 138

manikins, as proof of witchcraft 151, 192

Maocai 608, 706

maps 755; errors in 715; of kingdoms 312; local 206; prepared by one of the kings 317; of Qin empire 255

markets, supervision of 568

marriage, to non-Chinese leaders 320

matrimonial alliance, with Wusun 688

matrimonial relations and dynastic history 173

Mawangdui tombs 56

medical practice 623, 624, 635, 641; practice and theory 52; treatise 412

medicine, study of 562

Mei su shi 746

Meng shi Jing Fang 200

Mengzi, text of 290

Menxia yuan 120

merchants, discrimination against 277, 381, 397; restrictions on 257; wealth of 28

metropolitan area, division of 719; strategic value 600

migration, of population 277, 300; to Maoling 750

military colonies 703

military discipline 45, 101, 735

military methods, of Li Guang 220

military orders of honour 575, 634

military service 28

military texts 635

Min Yue 243

Ming gao li fucheng 164

ming jing 528

Ming wei Jiangjun 570

Mingtang 78, 80, 131, 186, 211, 290, 325, 385, 450, 469, 499, 537, 541, 608, 616, 712; at Taishan 280, 343

minting, ban on private 186; see coinage

Minzhong commandery 753

mitigation of punishments 419, 509, 577

mo, forms of character 65

monarchy, principle of 410

monopolies of state 277; criticism of 122; of liquor 463; of salt and iron 72, 75, 210, 359, 463; of Wang Mang 543

monopolies in Zhao kingdom 334

mourning rites 664

mourning, restrictions ordered by Wendi 310

moxa 53, 54

music 32, 76, 118, 158; ban on licentious 381; at imperial shrines 339, 483; performance before suicide 142, 167, 743; performance of Gao Jianli 114; of Zheng 13, 83, 201; text on 562, 641

musical composition 516, 699; for state cults 233

musical tradition 433, 449; of Liu De (1) 490, 519

musicians, reduction of establishment 155, 208

mutilating punishments 51, 99, 676

name, change of 66, 131, 132, 191, 199, 211, 324, 624

Nan, title conferred by Wang Mang 56, 77, 140, 182, 197

Nancheng Jiangjun 237

Nayan 97

Nei (ye) zhe Ling 140

New Text school 279

Nine Ancestral Shrines, of Wang Mang 55, 455, 541, 524, 530, 542, 554, 561, 681

Nine Orders of Merit 537

‘Nine Tiger Generals’ 541

Nineteen Hymns of State 214

Ningshi Jiangjun 56, 158, 211, 237, 474, 644

nobilities, not entered in Tables 1, 16, 22, 57, 75, 76, 83, 90, 240; for a eunuch 427, 698; exceptionally large 685; for non-Chinese 47, 54, 62, 111, 276, 343, 736; order of precedence 88; propagandist title of 509; restoration of 67, 82; search for heirs 84; for sons of kings 276, 339, 354, 392; succession by younger son 476; on surrendered leaders 175; for women 425, 592, 606, 618, 650; under Chengdi 250; under Gaodi 257; under Pingdi 323, 324; under Wendi 307; under Wudi 276; under Xuandi 262; under Yuandi 358; under Zhaodi 300

Nobility of the Interior, bestowed by Liu Chang (1) 272; with estate 77, 194, 206, 219, 291, 323, 356, 413, 438, 472, 475, 499, 590, 595, 607, 663, 674, 732; inherited 12, 102, 104, 210, 521, 605, 608; second grant 476

nobles, register in order of merit 36, 427

nobles, sent to their estates 309

nomination, of Lang 381

non-Chinese forces, use of 28, 112

oath, on nomination of kings 426

occult arts 429

official documents, from Xianyang 603; from Yinwan 252, 325

official titles, change of 380

officials, assessment of 459; criticism of 484; punishment of 524, 716, 737; quality of 47, 528; recruitment of 71, 258, 299, 309, 340, 358, 381; see under tests

Old Text school 279

oppression, by officials 97, 263

orders of honour 263; bestowed individually 16; bestowed by one of the kings 317; purchase of 250, 277, 342, 397; purposes, occasions for 358; use of 28

Ouyang Xiu 92

painters, named 547

painting, as immortality symbol 16

painting, of Jing Ke 349

paintings 7; see also portraits

palace names, used to refer to consorts 108

palaces, in Chang’an 277, 642

Panyu 505

parade of imperial robes 211, 482, 697

past, authority of 251, 355, 372

paternity, of First Qin Emperor 420, 426, 549; of Zhaodi 405

patrilinear succession 663

patron element 279, 676; change of 187, 309

pearl trade 69

pearls, collection of 563

Penglai 618

pensions, for officials 324

persecution, of scholars 655

phenomena, accounts of 374; and Dong Zhongshu 70; interpretation of 54, 55

physicians, family of 412

physiognomist 651, 736

physiognomy 253; of cattle 50; of Deng Tong 60; of horses 32, 167; of pigs 273; of a shaman’s daughter 165

Piaoyao xiaowei 430, 438

Picken, Dr L.E. R. 114

pigeon headed staff 597

Ping di Jiangjun 546

Ping zhun system 277

Pingdi, alleged murder of 671

Pingyang Dafu 238

pitch-pipes () 199, 645

poems, of Wang Bao (1) 557; of Wei Meng 573; of Wei Xuancheng 580; see also fu, geshi

poll tax 122, 258; raised illegally 352

portents 71, 239, 265

portraits 84, 292, 495, 579, 686, 703, 607, 674; of esteemed officials 152; fabrication of 700; to impress the Shanyu 168; of Jie and Zhou 556, 640; of Li Furen 219; of a non-Chinese woman 196; of worthy men 13

posthumous titles, of emperors 155, 208, 542; of nobles 291

pre-imperial monarchs 691

present, as against past 355

price controls 277

price stabilization 463; of grain 607

princess, as bride for non-Chinese leader 342, 376, 377, 413

principle, as against practice 72

private shrines to the soil 153

prognostication, for the new year 578

prognostication text 164, 533

proscription, of literature 655

Protector General, establishment of 265

protocol, of Gaodi’s court 482

provincial administration 543

provincial system 228

punishment, mitigation of 186, 308, 340, 358; of officials 118, 444, 471; redemption from 51; severity of 263, 346; see also mutilating punishments, ransom

pupils, of Academicians 127

‘Puppy’ 487

purchase of appointment 165, 690

Qi fa 436

Qi Hou shi gu 158

Qi Hou shi zhuan 158

Qi lüe 375, 383

Qi yi 374

Qi, dialect of 295

Qi, succession of kings, see under Tian family members

Qian Da Sima 286

Qian Han ji 6

Qiang peoples 264; rebellion 359; unity of 702

Qiangnu Jiangjun 499, 531, 554, 624, 708

Qiao jun xue 636

Qilian Jiangjun 507

Qilin Hall, venue for portraits 152

qin (chamber of rest) 482

Qin cao 547, 558

Qin, collapse of 29; oppression of 71; precedents, Han use of 483; weakness of 186

Qingju shi zhe 93

Qiuzi (Kucha) 26, 47, 251, 382

Qu Yuan 187, 638

Queen Mother of the West 85, 383

Quhu lai Wang 503

Quli, colonies at 487

Qutai ji 157

ransom, from punishment 122, 244, 245, 463, 579, 635, 675; by delivery of grain 226, 606, 677

rats, prosecution of 692

re-dedication, of Han dynasty 113, 382

reburial, as a commoner 323

recommendation of candidates, in question 559

recruitment, for office 250, 263, 325

Red Eyebrows 540

red, power of 539; as symbol of the Han dynasty 253—4

reduction to commoner status, see under commoner

reform, administrative (under Xuandi) 263; call for 233; call for by Gong Yu 122; of judicial procedures 419

regency 170; of Zhou Gong, Wang Mang 347

Regional Commissioners, Inspectors 381, 628; establishment of 276

register, of nobles 223

registration of males 654

relief measures 250, 264

religious cults, suppression of 249

religious practices, of the south 658

religious services, attended by Xuandi 262

renewal, of Heavenly Mandate 593

rest days, of officials 680

retirement bounties on 299; of a chancellor 578

rhinoceros 325

Ri pang zhan yan 162

riot, in iron agency 473, 493

Rome 727

Rou tang 53

Ru 125, 180

Ru shu 80, 712

ruler, duties of 373

Runan, destruction of dykes 671

Ruodi, term used in Xiongnu titles 111

salaries, of officials 263

salient of land, held by the Xiongnu 594

salt, commission of Liaoxi 567; control of 277; peddling 66; price of 264; private monopoly over 430; private workings 449; resources 693, of Wu 335

salt and iron, monopolies 72, 75

San gong 155, 542, 739, 697; adoption of term 208, 380, 523

San tong 248

San tong li 384, 724

Sanlao Zhao Yuan zhi bei 700, 703, 704, 707, 709, 717

Sanwei see under banishment

scholarly conference (of 51 BC) see Shi qu ge; (of AD 5) 326

scholarship, state of 384; under Wang Mang 544

schools, establishment of 325; in south-west 583

seal, cut in preparation for a plot 243; of king of Dian 570; sent by Wang Mang to the Shanyu 14, 38, 531, 534, 543, 589, 591

seasonal restrictions, on punishments 750

Second Qin Emperor, tomb of 488

secretariat, curtailment of powers 176, 619

segregation of the sexes 503

senior officials, rights of 153

sequences, of five or six 645

sex, change of 31

shaman, shamaness 105, 225, 366, 389, 658

Shan rites; see Feng and Shan rites

Shang di, Wendi as partner 325; worship by Liu Bang 255; by Wendi 307

Shang shu, in 102 pian 674; recovery of text 206; text found by Liu De (1) 290

Shang shu da zhuan 107

Shang shu zaji 736

Shang Yang 279, 577

Shangdang, foundation of commandery 569

Shanglin Park 74, 277, 453, 604

Shanshan, adoption of name 582

Shangyong see under banishment

Shanyu, status at Chang’an 168, 607

Shanyu, visit to Chang’an 265, 359, 382

She fa 554

shells, to replace coins 475

Shen Buhai 279, 577

Shen Jiang 663

Shen niao fu 479

shen, services to 249

Shi li 115

Shi qu ge conference of 51 BC 265, 239, 372, 445, 474, 524, 528, 580, 583, 595, 608, 618, 627, 647, 689, 733, 745

Shi yao 572

Shi yi (Physician in Attendance) 236

Shiji, addenda to 49, 50, 360, 392, 473, 572, 575, 603; compilation of 100, 101, 102, 195, 238, 486; deficiency of 338; refusal to show copy 401, 520; Yang Yun’s part 640

shiwu status 112, 176, 205

Shizong, title for Wudi 650

Shizu benji 6

Shoujiang fortifications 124

Shourong 439

shrines, ancestral 357, 397; dedicated to Fan Kuai 92; dismantlement of 580; of emperors 499; of Gaodi 95, 482; in individual’s lifetime 660; for an official 743; reduction of emperors’ 215; of Wudi 262

Shu guo 264

Shu shu 650

Shu wang ben ji 639

Shu, produce seen in Da Xia 688; scholarly learning in 583; see also under banishment

Shun, honours paid to 137, 372; as Wang Mang’s ancestor 539, 542

Shuo yuan 373

Shuofang commandery, establishment 574, 750

Si guo 740

Si ming 211, 439 707

Sili 9, 381

Sili xiaowei 381, 610; establishment, suppression of 249

Silk Roads 278

silver, fabrication of 666

Sima bingfa 484

Sima Guang 106

Sima Qian, criticism of works 520

Sishi shrine 668

Situ yuan 4

Siwei 30

six schools of thought 486

Sizhi, duties of 381

slaves, in armed forces 540; conducting commercial transactions 62; contract for purchase 517, 634; emancipation of 495, 669; limitation of ownership 208, 381, 476; ownership of large numbers 46, 751; power of 566; purchase of 108, 543, 588; reduction to 146, 183, 605; volunteer to be 51

‘Small Hat’ (Du Qin) 82

Sogdiana 221

Soju 623

Song house, honours for 357; search for survivors 214 songs, 203, 212; of celebration (Xuandi’s reign) 154; of Chu 602; composed by Li Furen 219; of Pu Fan 451; spontaneous (of boys) 704; before suicide 390; of Wudi 219; of Xiang Yu 602

south-west, campaigns in 103; expansion into 126, 503, 548; internal unrest 33, 46

sovereign, duties of 133, 428

sovereignty, as part of cosmic scheme 82; value of 229

sponsored colonies, farms 277, 300

sponsorship of officials 528, 661

spurious works, of Dong Fangshuo 74

standards of public life 528

state cults, change in 214, 692; sites of 142, 208, 249, 325, 382, 385, 450, 476, 542, 548, 564, 620, 627, 755; style of worship 213; attended by Wudi 280

stockbreeding, at the frontier 454

Stone Conduit, see Shi qu ge

stone ox, as a portent 162

strips, from Dingxian 388; from Shangsunjia 431

structure of government, under Wang Mang 542

students, in protest 557

Su Dongpo 94, 189

succession to throne, principle of 171

Suoju 98

Superintendent of the Imperial Clan, duties of 291

surname, gift of Wang 385

surrendered Qiang, killed 553

Sutrishna 221

swordsmanship 699

taboo name, avoidance of 212

Tai Gong bing fa 684

Tai xuan 158

Tai yi, cult of 249, 280, 439, 487; support for Xin dynasty 539

Tai, Mount, ascent by First Qin Emperor 654; by Second Qin Emperor 653; by Wudi 280, 729

Taibao 719; establishment of 324

Taichu calendar 161, 442, 623

Taichu, as regnal title 279

Taichu yuanjiang, as regnal title 593

Taifu, introduction of title 208; restoration 381

Taiping 310, 373, 419

Taishan see Tai, Mount

Taishi Gong shu 401

Taishi Jiangjun 532

Taishi Xizhong 201

Taishi, introduction of title 208, 323

Taixuan 638

Taixue, complement of 251

Taiyuan, foundation of commandery 569

Taizi tan, worship to 213

Taizong, title 339; title for Wendi 472

Taizu, title 339; title for Gaodi 472

tallies, for call-out of forces 734

Talons and teeth’ 499

Tang and Wu 663

Taohui Jiangjun 747

tax, paid in kind 300

tests, for officials and candidates for office 71, 83, 127, 141, 199, 309, 578, 606, 643, 669

textiles, use in place of coin 359

texts, collection by Liu De (1) 290; found in Confucius’ house 402

Ti yao 373

Tian dao Jiangjun 430

Tian guan li 113

Tian he Jiangjun 700

Tianwen qixiang za zhan 10

tiger, combat with 235

‘Tiger Generals’ 531

time, calculation of 233; division of 382, 538, 593

Tingwei ping 263, 419

titles, for Empress Dowager Fu 108, 714; of empresses, imperial consorts 108, 379; for Grand Empress Dowager 530; of officials, 279, 324, 340, 542, 739; for Wang Zhengjun 696; borne by women 543 (see also nobilities)

titles bestowed by Wang Mang, see Nan, Zi

tomb, of Dong Xian (2) 68

Tong tian tai 129

Tongpu Duwei 603

Tongtian tai 555

topography, notes on 464

treaty of amity, see Heqin

tripods, discovery of 129, 195, 667; of Zhou 615

troops, authority to call out 87

tun tian 264, 702

unification 258

‘usurpation’ by Wang Mang 748

usury 591

vagrancy, in Yuandi’s time 660

veins of the earth 438

vendetta 5, 253, 431, 630, 648

vine, brought to China 278

Wang Chong 4, 22

Wang jun qi 11

Wang Mang, declared an usurper 34

Wang ming lun 4, 568

wang qi 491, 553

Wang Yu ji 562

Wang, gift of surname 539

Wang, gift of title to non-Chinese 88

warnings, of Heaven 71, 593

water, as patron element 124, 187

weapons, carried by civilians 667; search for 566, 606

Wei Bridge 300, 340

Wei Jiangjun 734

Wei shi she fa 576

Wei, of a county 62, 80, 105

Weidou 540

weights and measures 675

Weiyang, as site for imperial cults 615

Wendi, as partner of Shangdi 325; views on punishment 690; see also death penalty

Wendi, title of Zhao Hu (2) 707

Wenlu fu 636

Wenzi 388

Western Regions, cut of communications with 140; relations with 142, 251, 544, 688

White Tiger Hall 6

wings, as sign of immortals 483

women, courage of 535; in diplomacy 99; ennoblement of 425, 543, 650 (see also nobilities); entitled jun 668; known for learning 479

wooden manikins 476

writing, unification of system 229, 654

Wu and Ji Colonel 358, 359

Wu cao guan zhi 189

Wu di, as title of king of Dong Yue 668; of Zhao Tuo 711

Wu di see Five Powers

Wu fen Duwei 62

Wu guan yuan 704

Wu guan Zhonglang jiang 95

Wu ji lun 374

Wu jin xiang yi qi 585

Wu jun liu guan 416

Wu Wang, as title of Zhao Tuo 711

Wu wei Jiangjun 234

Wu wei si ming 30

Wu wei Zhong cheng Jiangjun 55

Wu xing 72, 124, 232, 615, 645; dance 262; for dynastic sequence 676; in decree of Yuandi 358

Wu xing lun li 622

Wu xing zhuan ji 622

Wudi, criticism of 596, 645, posthumous honours to 507, 596; reputation of 552; shrine dedicated to 385, 580; views on punishment, see death penalty

wugu 31, 125, 140, 162, 192

Wuhuan 5

Wuhuan du Jiangjun 62

Wuji Xiaowei 499

Wuli Jiangjun 430

Wulu Chongzong lüe shuo 590

Wusi dafu 296

Wusun, fate of leaders 2; relations with 25, 87, 99, 264, 382

Wuwei hou guan Jiangjun 529

Wuwei Jiang 105, 546

Wuwei Jiangjun 439, 531, 675

Wuwei qian guan jiangjun 528

Wuyuan, establishment of commandery 574

Xi Chu Ba Wang 49, 255, 601

Xia house, honours to 209

Xialai Jiangjun 184

Xianbei 5

Xiang wei Jiangjun 227

xiang, official of kingdoms 342

Xianlian tribes 702

xianliang 263, 608

Xiao Du lü 84

Xiao jing 93, 325, 646, 697; familiarity with 481

Xiezi bu shu 611

Xihai commandery, foundation of 76, 324, 450, 544; see also under banishment

Xihe, establishment of 324; title of Liu Xin (1) 385

Xin, adoption of dynastic title 539

Xin lun 6, 164

Xin shu 188

Xin shu, of (Rao) 457

Xin xu 373

Xin yu 416

Xingming 308, 338, 490, 682, 687

Xingyang 669; importance of 79, 255, 234, 336; see also Ao Granary

Xinshi bing 532

Xionghe Jiangjun 709

Xiongnu, change of titles 589; division of 543, 546, 589, 592; divisiveness among 167; penetration close to Chang’an 309; policy on 526; settlement with 264; see also Heqin, seal

Xizhou Shang Jiangjun 568

Xu Shang suan shu 622

Xuantu, establishment of commandery 630

Xuanwu Jiangjun 675

Xun Yue 6

Xun zuan 638

Ya qin Long shi 119

Ya qin shi shi 480

Ya qin Zhao shi 119

Yafu, as a term of respect 94

Yang sheng 1

Yang Xiong, writings of 561

Yangwu Jiangjun 546

Yanqi 57, 140, 174

Yantie lun 122, 163, 300, 357, 463

Yao, abdication of 539; as ancestor of Liu family and Han 4, 6, 259, 374, 496, 542; as exemplar 281; honours to 292

Yarkand 623

Yelang 487, 503

Yellow River, change of course 276; damage by 248; dykes of 102, 233, 450; floods 100, 133, 138, 505; inspection of 265; obstruction at Dizhu 446; proposed diversion 642; repairs 180, 182; in Wang Mang’s time 525; Xie Guang’s views 610

Yellow River, problems 186, 325, 381; (of c. 132 BC) 721; (of 29, 27 and 17 BC) 471, 560, 622, 640; (of AD 2) 164

Yi fa 451

Yi fei hou 200

Yi ji xiong 666

Yi jing shier pian Shi Meng Liangqiu san jia 239

Yi shu rang Taichang boshi 386

Yi tong lun 138

Yi Yin 730; services to 646

Yin and Yang 70, 71

Yin house, honours for 209, 248, 357; survivors of 214

Yin Yang 126, 645; call for experts under Yuandi 360

Yin Yang 645; harmony of 35

Ying Shao 4

Yinwan, archives from 252, 325

Yinyu Jiangjun 124

Yizhou commandery, foundation of 138, 570

Youji Jiangjun 151

Youju shi 240

Yu Chang Tianxia zhong chen 659

Yu Chu Zhou shuo 659

Yu gong 133

Yu lie fu 638

Yuan li 161, 705

Yuan miao 483

Yuan shang 218

Yuanshang pian 251

Yuanshou, regnal title 727

Yue fu 264, 277, 280, 381, 528, 595; reduction of staff 359

Yue ji 290, 433, 562

Yue jing 544

Yue ling 248

Yueshang people 323

Yulin Lang 615

Yumen 710

yun qi 253, 467

Yun qi Jiangjun 570

Yuping 100

yuying 615

Zai heng hujun 587

Zai yi Meng shi Jing Fang 200

Zaiheng 537

Zhang Chu, as a royal title 38

Zhang Heng 6

Zhangju 5

Zhangju Shi Meng Liangqiu shi ge er pian 239

Zhangsun shi shuo 700

Zhangye Dafu 132

Zhaode dance 339, 472

Zhaodi, paternity of 405

Zhaoji 610

Zhaomu 252, 266, 281, 326, 327, 343, 398, 542, 580, 647, 713

Zhaoxin cheng 713

Zhaoyi, title of 108, 356

Zhaoyu Da Jiangjun 532

Zhe jian 743

Zhechong Jiangjun 631

Zhen di Jiangjun 559

Zhen fa 53

zhen ren 655

Zhen yuan Jiangjun 231

Zheng Guo canal 442, 722

Zheng Jiangjun 747

Zheng, music of 13, 83, 201

Zhenhua Jiangjun 190

Zhenpan, establishment of commandery 630

Zhenwai Jiangjun 140

Zhenwei Jiangjun 533

Zhenwu Jiangjun 529

Zhenyuan Jiangjun 582

Zhizhi shi 8, 191, 203

Zhong dong tong ling jiang 296

Zhong yezhe cheng 33

Zhong zheng 740

Zhongjian Jiangjun 81

Zhongsan Dafu 292

Zhongxing, applied to Xuandi’s age 263, 266

Zhou Gong 170, 323, 347, 431, 538, 730; as an ideal 126; invoked by Wang Mang 672

Zhou guan, text of 290

Zhou, as exemplar 71, 82, 116, 281; bronze vessels of 655; emulation of 323; heritage of 545; honour for 276, 596, 639; honours to descendants; 209, 357 nobility for a descendant 262; tripods 615; values of 606

Zhou house, search for survivors 182

Zhou ideals rejected 266, 355

Zhou kings, example of 214, 261; praise of 372; services to 131

Zhou mu 155, 249, 670, 739

Zhou yi lin 55

Zhou You Wang, tomb desecrated 664

Zhou zhen 638

Zhou zhi 290

zhu (zither) 114

Zhu cao 195, 198, 269

Zhu Tian 671

Zhu tian Jiangjun 217

Zhuan Zhou wu xing xing du 110

Zhuang Zhou 749

Zhuangzi, value of 7

Zhuguo, as a title 118

Zhuli 207

Zhumo Jiangjun 634

Zi, title bestowed by Wang Mang 105

Zixu fu 632

zong, in posthumous titles 281, 310

Zuo cao 41, 87

Zuo guan Jiangjun 546

Zuo shi tiao li 185

Zuo yi 194

Zuo zhuan 189, 302, 496, 523, 608, 676, 677; cited 692; criticism of 93; specialist in 290; support for 95; value of 43; views of Liu Xin (1) 383

Zuzheng 543

Michael Loewe