Daniel Leese

Alphabetical List of Entries

A
Academies
Administrative Law 1. Concept, development and role
2. Administrative procedure and forms of action
3. Administrative controls
4. Administrative process
5. Government liability
6. Civil service law
Adult education
Advertising
Aesthetics
Africa
Agricultural policy
Agricultural Zones 1. Northeastern China
2. Inner Mongolia and the region along the Great Wall
3. Huang-He, Huai-He and Hai-He zone
4. High loess plateau
5. Middle and lower reaches of the Chang Jiang
6. Southwestern China
7. Southern China
8. Gansu-Xinjiang
9. Qinghai-Tibet
Agriculture 1. Historical background
2. Structural problems
3. Agriculture under Mao
4. Agriculture in the period of reform
5. The role of politics
Agriculture and Forestry
Anarchism
Ancestor Worship
Anhui
Animal Husbandry
Anti-Imperialist Movements 1. Early boycotts and strikes
2. The climax of the mass protests: 1919-1927
3. Anti-Japanese protests 1931-1937
April Fifth Movement
Archaeology
Architecture 1. Classical architecture
2. Modern architecture
Archives
Armament Industry
Art and Politics
Associations and Federations 1. Origins in rural areas
2. Historical dimension
3. Creation of new associations
4. Function of new associations
5. Functional transformation: example of entrepreneurs' associations
6. Influence of social organizations on politics and society
Astronomy
Australia
Automobile Industry 1. Fundamental conditions
2. Historical development
3. Industrial organization
4. International direct investments and globalization
Autonomous Regions
Aviation
B
Balance of Payments
Banking 1. People's Republic of China
2. Taiwan
3. Hong Kong
Beijing
Bibliography 1. Historical official catalogs, methods of classification
2. Contemporary official catalogs
3. Private catalogs
4. Modern catalogs
5. Anthologies
6. Japanese catalogs
7. Catalogs of the PRC
Bourgeoisie
Boxer Uprising
Broadcasting
Buddhism 1. Development from 1st-6th cents.
2. Independent development 6th-10th cents.
3. Pre-Modern period, 10th-19th cents.
4. Development in the 19th and 20th cents.
Business Ethics 1. Confucianism
2. Popular culture
3. Common ethical practice
C
Cadres
Calendar and Chronology
Calligraphy
Caricature
Cash Crops
CCP-Controlled Areas 1. Origins
2. Structures and strategies
Censorship
Central Asia
Ceramics
Chemical Industry 1. Fundamental historical and structural conditions
2. Key role of international economic relations
3. Transformation of organization and structure
Chemistry
Chengdu
Childhood and Youth
Children's Literature
China in World History
China, conceptions of 1. Early contacts
2. China as a model for Europe
3. China as a negative counter-image
4. China conceptions of the 20th cent.
5. China the Modernizer
Chinese Communist Party 1. History
2. The Communist Party in the PR China
3. Party organizational structure
Chinese Identity 1. Historical identity: culturalism
2. The creation of a Chinese identity in the modern period
Chinese Literature outside China 1. Southeast Asia
2. North America and Europe
Chinese Word Processing
Chongqing
Christianity 1. Nestorianism
2. Christianity in the Yuan Dynasty
3. The Jesuit mission of the 17th cent.
4. Mission movements of the 19th and 20th cents.
5. Christianity since 1949
Cities and Urbanization 1. Historical starting points
2. The status of the city from 1949 to around 1980
3. Economic reforms and the opening of cities
Civil Law 1. Origin and development of modern civil law
2. Sources and basic principles
3. Person (legal capacity)
4. Law of obligations
5. Property law
6. Family law
7. Inheritance law
8. Civil procedure law
9. Private international law
Civil Society
Civil War 1945-49
Clergy
Climate 1. Temperature
2. Precipitation
3. Extreme climate and weather events
4. Climate classifications
5. Current climate changes
Clothing
Comic books
Comintern
Computer Science
Concessions and Settlements 1. Overview
2. Legal basis and administrative practice
3. The International Settlement at Shanghai
4. The end of the foreign residential areas
Confucianism 1. Term and general characteristics
2. Doctrinal system
3. Historical development
4. Overall assessment
Constitutional Law 1. Historical development
2. Functions of the constitution
Constitutionalism
Construction Industry
Consumption
Control
Cooperatives 1. Republican period (1912-1949)
2. Collectivization after 1949
3. Cooperative development since 1978
4. The Gung-Ho or Indusco Movement
Corruption
Cosmology 1. 'Cosmology', a Western concept
2. Three descriptive cosmologies
3. Correlative cosmologies
4. General cosmology
5. Arguments in correlative cosmologies
6. The fate of Chinese cosmologies
Crafts
Criminal Law 1. Historical Development
2. Status of criminal law
3. Law of criminal proceedings
4. Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau
5. Taiwan
Criminality
Cultural Exchange
Cultural Revolution 1. The course of events
2. Movements within the movement
3. The Cultural Revolution in retrospect
D
Dalian
Danwei
Daoism 1. Origin and definition
2. Laozi
3. The quest for immortality
4. The religious institutions of Daoism, 4th-10th cents.
5. The revelation of the Shangqing and Lingbao scripts and the first Daoist canon
6. Courtly Daoism in the Tang period
7. The rise of local cults and temple organizations
8. Daoism in the Song and Yuan Dynasties
9. Ming Daoism
10. Reaction and persecution
Death
Democracy 1. Philosophical and political traditions
2. Democratization models in China
Deng Xiaoping Theory
Development Aid
Disability
Disease
Domestic Trade 1. Trade and socio-economic structures
2. Social organization of domestic trade in the late Empire
3. Structural continuity: commercialism and qualitative stagnation
4. The suppression of trade 1949-78
5. Present and future
E
Eastern Europe 1. Eastern Europe in Chinese global strategy: 1949-1989
2. China and Eastern Europe since 1990
3. Economic relations
Economic Integration 1. Historical perspectives of the Chinese economic sphere
2. Transformation and integration in the PR China
3. Transboundary regional economic areas
4. Outlook
Economic Law 1. Concept, principles
2. Civil law - private law
3. Civil law - property law
4. Intellectual property
5. Law of obligations
6. Exchange, check and bank payment law
7. Labor law
8. Competition law
9. Tax law
Economic Planning
Economic Regions
Economic System 1. System principles of political thinking
2. Traditional system in the Chinese Empire
3. Economic system as a regime of modernization
4. Past and present market-economic systems in China
Economics
Education Education: Hong Kong
Education: Taiwan
1. Education under martial law
2. The era of reform 1987-1999
3. Educational legislation and future perspectives
Educational Administration
Educational Legislation
Educational Policy
Educational Tradition
Electronics Industry
Elites
Encyclopedias
Energy Industry 1. Consumption and demand
2. Domestic energy supply
3. Energy policy
4. Concerns for security of energy supply
5. Geostrategic implications
Engineering
Enterprises
Entertainment
Entrepreneurs
Environmental Damage 1. 'Traditional' environmental problems
2. 'Modern' environmental problems
Environmental Protection 1. The international context of origins
2. Institutional framework
3. Plans and instruments
4. Parties in environmental protection
5. Effects of environmental policy
Erotic Literature
Essay 1. Definitions
2. Origins and related genres
3. From the Tang period to the Republic
4. 20th century essayism
Ethics
European Union 1. From rejection to instrumentalization
2. The political dimension of relations
3. The development of economic relations
Examination System
Exile Literature
Extraterritoriality
F
Family 1. Family structures
2. Functions of the family
3. Historical change
4. The modern family
Family Enterprises 1. The 'jia' and corporate organization
2. Contemporary significance
3. Organization
Fauna and Flora A Temperate, humid and sub-humid Northeastern China
B Warm temperate, humid and sub-humid Northern China
C Subtropical, humid Central and Southern China
D Tropical, humid Southern China
E Temperate Inner Mongolian grassland
F Temperate and warm temperate deserts in Northwestern China
G Tibet Plateau
Festivals
Fiction 1. The classical novel and its antecedents
2. Republic 1917-1949
3. People's Republic of China
Film 1. The 1930s/40s
2. Film in the People's Republic of China
3. Film in Hong Kong
4. Film on Taiwan
5. Conclusion
Fishing
Folk Art
Folk Literature 1. Folksongs
2. Myths and legends
3. Fairytales
4. Proverbs
5. Professional performance of epic narrations
6. Research
Folklore and Ethnology
Food and Drinking Culture 1. Foodstuffs
2. Regional variants
3. Nourishment
4. Food as medicine
5. Final note
Food Production
Foreign Economic Policy 1. First phase: 1949-1978
2. Second phase: since 1978
Foreign Investment
Foreign Literature in China 1. First half of 20th century
2. Second half of 20th century
Foreign Policy 1. Innovation and continuity
2. New interpretations of the world
3. Economic prioritization of foreign policy
4. Superpower of the 21st century?
Foreign Security Policy 1. Fundamental conditions
2. Means and ends
3. Opportunities for peaceful resolution of conflicts
Foreign Trade 1. Development to 1949
2. Development 1949-1978
3. Development since 1978
Foreign Trade: Hong Kong
Foreign Trade: Taiwan 1. From the warrior to the computer: foreign trade as an engine of development
2. Historical development to 1949
3. Foreign trade since 1949
Forestry
Four Modernizations
France 1. The Manchu Empire and France
2. The Chinese Republic and France
3. The People's Republic of China and France
Frontiers
Fujian
Funeral Customs
Furniture and Interior Design
G
Games and Pastimes
Gansu
Gardens
Gender and Gender Roles
Geography
Geology
Germany 1. 1860-1918
2. 1918-1949
3. Since 1949
Germany, conceptions of 1. Conceptions of Germany after World War I
2. Conceptions of Germany after World War II
Grain
Graphic Arts 1. Historical development up to 20th century
2. The 'New Woodcut' movement
3. The politicization of woodcuts
4. Graphic arts in the People's Republic
Great Britain
Great Leap Forward
Guangdong
Guangxi
Guangzhou (Canton)
Guanxi 1. Guanxi as a social concept
2. Guanxi in history and today
3. Background causes
Guizhou
Guomindang 1. Historical background (1894-1912)
2. From party foundation to assumption of power (1912-1927/28)
3. GMD rule 1928-1949
4. Rule on Taiwan since 1945/1949
H
Hainan
Han Chinese
Han Dynasty
Handicrafts 1. Traditional structures in commercial handicrafts
2. Economic and structural developments to 1949
3. Handicrafts in the PRC
Healthcare
Heavy Industry 1. History
2. Ideology
3. Progress and regional distribution
4. Industries of the heavy industrial sector
Hebei
Heilongjiang
Henan
Higher Education
High-Tech Industry 2. Fundamental conditions
3. Technology and industrial policy
Historical Literature
Historical Thinking 1. Nature and history: the cosmological dimension in Chinese historical thinking
2. History and events: the philosophical, religious and political dimensions
3. History and historical reporting: theoretical and epistemological dimension of historiography
4. Chinese historical thinking in the modern world
Historiography, modern 1. Main features
2. The transition to national historiography
3. The pluralization of Chinese historiography
4. Historiography in the PRC
5. Historiography on Taiwan
Historiography, pre-modern 1. From the Shang to the Qin Dynasty
2. From the early Han to mid-Tang Dynasty
3. From the mid-Tang to the end of the Yuan Dynasty (756-1368)
4. Ming and Qing Dynasties (1368-1911)
History of Science
History of Science (Historiography)
History of Technology
Hong Kong 1. Historical and political development to 1997
2. Political and administrative system since 1997
3. Economy and foreign trade
4. Population, social and urban development
Horticulture
Housing
Housing
Hubei
Human Rights 1. People's Republic of China
2. Hong Kong
3. Taiwan
Hunan
Hundred Flowers Movement
I
Income
India 1. Relations before 1947/49
2. Relations since 1947/49
Individual
Industrial Policy
Industrialization 1. First phase: 19th cent. - 1949
2. Second phase: 1949 - 1978
3. Third phase: since 1978
Information Technology
Inner Mongolia
Insurance Sector 1. People's Republic of China
2. Hong Kong
3. Taiwan
Intellectuals
International Economic Organizations 1. World Bank
2. International Monetary Fund
3. GATT/WTO
4. Asian Development Bank (ADB)
5. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
International Law 1. Applicability and sources
2. Hierarchy of standards
3. Universality
4. Internal implementation of obligations under international law
5. Resolution of international disputes
International Organizations 1. China in international organizations since 1949
2. China and the UN
3. China in Asian international organizations
International Relations up to 1949 1. Before the Opium War
2. From the Opium War to the end of the Qing Dynasty (1843-1911)
3. From 1912 to 1949
International Treaties 1. International treaty and Sinocentric tribute system up to the Opium Wars
2. The 'unequal treaties' up to the mid-20th century
3. China's communists and the instrumentalization of the 'unequal treaties' in the conflict between Beijing and Moscow
4. Treaty doctrines of the PRC, esp. in the category 'unequal treaties'
5. The subject of 'unequal treaties' in the practice of the 1990s
6. Priority and internal implementation of international treaties
7. Practice in the PRC on 'exception' as the bulwark of individual state sovereignty in international law
8. Selected areas of treaty practice
Islam 1. Chinese-language Islam is a demographic, socio-political and historical reality
2. Chinese-language Islam is part of the great currents of global Islam, which it has Sinicized
3. Islam of the 1990s
J
Japan 1. Historical contacts to the beginnings of Japanese imperialism
2. Relations up to World War II
3. The PR China and Japan
4. Economic relations
Jews
Jiangsu
Jiangxi
Jilin
Joint-Stock Companies
Joint-Ventures
Jurisprudence
K
Korea
Korean War 1950-53
L
Labor 1. Work planning and administration
2. Planned labor system and labor market
3. Labor and employment in figures
4. Working conditions
Landscape Conservation
Language 1. The ethnic-geographical dimension
2. The political dimension
3. The dimension of the history of development
4. The pragmatic/stylistic dimension
5. The dimension of language typology and linguistics
Language policy 1. Development to 1949
2. Development 1949 to 1966
3. Development since 1978
Languages of the National Minorities 1. General situation
2. Genealogical classification of languages
3. Numbers of speakers
4. Scripts
Latin America
Leased Territories 1. France in Guangzhouwan (Guangdong Province)
2. Great Britain in Weihaiwei (Shandong Province)
3. Germany and Japan in Jiaozhou (Shandong Province)
4. Great Britain in Kowloon/Jiulong (Guangdong Province)
5. Russia and Japan in Manchuria
Legal System 1. Legal system in old China
2. Legal system of the Republican period and on Taiwan
3. Legal system in the PR China
4. Legal system in Hong Kong
Legal Tradition 1. Structures of tradition
2. Reception of foreign law
3. Economic reform
Legalism
Legislation 1. Historical development
2. Types of legislation
3. Legislative procedures
4. Interpretation
Leisure
Lexicography
Liaoning
Liberalism
Libraries 1. Traditional libraries
2. The creation of modern libraries
3. Libraries under the Guomindang
4. Libraries in the PR China
5. Taiwan
Linguistics
Literacy
Literary Criticism 1. Literary criticism in Imperial China
2. Literary criticism in the 20th century
Literary Journals 1. Definition and general introduction
2. The consequences of publication in journals
3. Most important journals
Literary Societies 1. Typology
2. The most important societies
Literary Studies
Literature 1. Traditional literature
2. Republican period: 1917-49
3. People's Republic
Literature and Politics 1. Traditional concepts: literature as praise and remonstration
2. Literature as an instrument of political reform
3. The political functionalization of literature
4. Recourse to tradition: literature as political remonstration
Local Gazetteers 1. Origin and historical development
2. Local gazetteers in the 20th century
3. Content
4. Importance as historical source and political usefulness
Local government 1. Late traditional China
2. Local government in the 20th century
Logic
Long March
Love and Friendship
M
Macau
Manchuria
Manzhouguo
Mao Zedong Thought
Maritime Law
Market and Competition 1. Market and competition in the PRC
2. Market and competition in Taiwan and Hong Kong
Marriage
Marriage Customs
Marxism-Leninism 1. The reception of Marxism-Leninism in China
2. Marxism-Leninism since 1949
Mass Campaigns 1. Mass campaigns 1949 - 1976
2. The process of mass campaigns
3. The political role of mass campaigns
4. Mass campaigns after Mao
Mathematics
May Fourth Movement 1. The incident of May Fourth
2. The Cultural Revolution
Mechanical Engineering
Medicine
Middle Classes
Migration
Military 1. 'New Armies' and the interface of the Opium War
2. Evaluation of innovations against the background of history
Military Advisors
Military and Economy
Military and Politics 1. Two traditions, two worlds: contrasting images on the political influence of the military
2. Renormalization in reformist China
Military Strategy
Militia
Mineral Resources 1. China's mineral resources in a global context
2. Development of mineral resource extraction
3. Coal
4. Oil
5. Iron
Ming Dynasty 1. Territory and territorial divisions
2. Administration
3. Population
4. Economy and commercialization
5. The society of the late Ming period
Mohism
Monetary System, international 1. People's Republic of China
2. Hong Kong
3. Taiwan
Monetary System, national 1. Development before 1949
2. Transformations since 1949
3. Monetary integration in the Chinese economic sphere
Mongolia
Museums and Protection of Cultural Relics
Music 1. Traditional music
2. Music in the 20th century
Mythology
N
Namen
Nanjing
Nanjing Nationalist Government 1. Foundation
2. The Nanjing Decade 1928-37
3. China at War 1937-1945
4. Civil War and Fall 1945-1949
Narrative Literature 1. Narrative literature in the pre-modern era
2. Republican period (1917-1949)
3. People's Republic of China
National Budget 1. People's Republic of China
2. Hong Kong and Taiwan
National Geographic Units
National Minorities 1. Population, settlement areas, languages
2. Traditional perceptions and conceptions
3. Nationality policy
4. Ethnic tensions
5. Perspectives
National Minorities Literature
Nationalism 1. Anti-Manchuism (paimanzhuyi)
2. Nationalism under Sun Yat-Sen
3. Chinese communism and nationalism
4. Nationalism since the 1950s
Natural Resources 1. Farmland
2. Forest
3. Pasture
4. Water
Near East 1. China and Israel
2. China and the Arab nations
Networks 1. Facilitators and social structures
2. Networks as cooperative forms between enterprises
Ningxia
O
Old Age
Opium Wars
Opposition
Overseas Chinese 1. Background: trade and migration of overseas Chinese
2. The tradition of temporary emigration
3. Modern entrepreneurs
4. Greater China
P
Painting 1. Historical development
2. Towards the modern: 19th and 20th centuries
Parliaments 1. The National People's Congress (NPC) of the PR China
2. Parliaments and elections on Taiwan
Participation 1. Political culture and participation
2. Communist Party and participation
3. Participation in the reform era
Parties 1. The creation of political parties in China
2. Parties of the PR China
3. The role of parties in the political processes of the PR China
4. The parties of Taiwan
Peasant Movements 1. The communist peasant movements 1923-1949
2. Peasant revolts in communist historiography
3. Chinese peasant movements in Western scholarship
4. Peasant unrest in the People's Republic
Peasants 1. The 'peasant' as a concept
2. The peasant and the state
3. Social development of the peasantry
4. Peasants on Taiwan
Pedagogy
Penal System
People's Armed Police
People's Liberation Army 1. Beginnings: the Red Army
2. From guerrilla force to state army: the PLA
3. The PLA towards the 21st century
People's Republic of China 1. Consolidation of power and building of socialism
2. Conflicts, campaigns and repression
3. Towards the 'Cultural Revolution' and the systemic crisis
4. Transitional crises
5. Economic reforms and social protest
6. The 1990s
Periodization of Chinese history 1. Periodization concepts of Western historians
2. Japanese models
3. Chinese discussions
Periods of Division
Pharmaceutics
Philosophy
Physics
Poetry
Police
Political Culture
Political Decision-Making Process 1. Formal and informal principles in transformation
2. Information and problem perception among the leadership
3. Individual executive institutions in the decision-making process
4. Implementation problems and political reforms
Political Science
Political System 1. Imperial period
2. Republican period 1912-1949
3. People's Republic
4. Taiwan
Popular Literature
Popular Religion 1. Definition of term and conceptual field
2. Organizations and structures
3. Festivals
4. Local cults
5. Surviving forms of shamanism
Population 1. Data basis
2. Historical population development to 1950
3. Historical microdemography
4. Population dynamics since 1950
5. Population structure since 1950
6. Developments in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore
Population Policy 1. Traditional guiding principles
2. Registration and settlement policy in the Imperial period
3. Breakdowns, break-ups and collapses of the early 20th cent.
4. Population policy in the Mao Zedong era
5. Reform policies: Freedom and coercion
6. Developments in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore
Poverty
Prehistory and Protohistory
Press 1. The press in traditional China
2. The beginnings of a modern press
3. The press of the reformers and revolutionaries
4. The party press of the Republic
5. Mass communications on Taiwan
6. Press development in the PRC
7. The press in the China of 'modernization'
8. Press controls and internal information media
Price System 1. Agricultural products
2. Raw materials and production goods
3. Homes
4. Remuneration of the factor of production 'labor'
5. Interest rates, security prices and exchange rates
6. Conclusion
Primitive Religions
Printing and Publishing 1. Early history of printing and publishing
2. Towards modernity from the 19th cent.
3. Developments since 1949
Private Economy 1. Private economy in the history of economics and ideas
2. Private economy since the 19th century
3. Private economy in the era of reform
Private Schools
Propaganda
Property 1. Institutional and conceptual aspects
2. Common-law traditions
3. Socialist transformations in the PR China
Provinces
Psychology
Public Sphere and Public Opinion
Puppet Theater
Q
Qin Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
Qingdao
Qinghai
R
Railway Policy 1. The political importance of the railways
2. The economic importance of the railways
Railways
Real Estate
Rebellions and Social Protest
Rectification Campaigns
Reform Movement 1898 1. Political progress of the reform movement
2. Conceptual foundation and nature of reforms
Regionalism
Religion
Religious Literature 1. Revelatory literature and edificatory books, magic and hagiographies
2. Teaching books, catechisms, introductions
3. From the stela to the Internet
4. Literary biography
Religious Policy
Reportage Literature
Republic 1912-49
Research Funding
Revolution of 1911
Rice
Road Traffic
Rural Enterprises
Russia 1. Relations before 1949
2. Relations to the end of the 1970s
3. Relations since the 1980s
S
Sanminzhuyi
Satire
School System 1. School system to 1949
2. School system since 1949
Science Policy
Sculpture
Secret Societies
Self-Strengthening Movement
Service Sector
Sexual Life 1. Prostitution
2. Sexuality in traditional society
3. Sexuality in the Republic and the PR China
Shaanxi
Shandong
Shanghai 1. History
2. Economy
Shanxi
Shenyang
Shipping
Sichuan
Silk
Sino-French War 1883-85
Sino-Japanese War 1894/95
Sino-Japanese War 1937-45 1. Outbreak of war and the first years of war
2. The Communist Party in the war against Japan
3. Cooperation with the Allies and the end of the war
Sinology in the West 1. Definition and methodology
2. The origins of European Sinology
3. Sinology in the 19th century and the academic consolidation of the subject
4. Sinology to the end of World War II
5. Chinese studies since World War II
Social Science Research on China
Social Security 1. Social security before the foundation of the PR China
2. The PR China 1949 - 1978
3. Social security in the PR China since 1978
4. Taiwan
5. Hong Kong
Social Structure 1. Issues of method
2. Constants of social structure
3. Functional conditional contexts of structural transformation
4. Singular determinants of structural transformation
Socialism
Sociology
Soldiers
Song Dynasty
Southeast Asia
Spatial and Urban Planning
Special Economic Zones
Sport
State Cult
State Enterprises
State, concepts of 1. Beginnings of the legitimization of state power
2. Self-government and bureaucracy
3. Consolidation of rule
4. Western influence
Statistics 1. Historical sketch
2. Organization and problems of official statistics
3. Important areas of specialist statistics
Stock Markets 1. People's Republic of China
2. Taiwan
3. Hong Kong
Student Protest
Students Abroad
T
Taiping Rebellion 1. Origins of the Taiping Movement
2. The Heavenly Kingdom
3. The fall of the Heavenly Kingdom
4. Relations between the Heavenly Kingdom and the West
5. The legacy of Taiping
Taiwan 1. Topography and Climate
2. Population, education, religion
3. History
4. External relations
5. Economy
Taiwan Literature
Taiwan Question 1. Historical development
2. Sovereignty and status dispute
3. The international dimension
4. Perspectives
Tang Dynasty
Taxation 1. People's Republic of China
2. Hong Kong and Taiwan
Tea
Teachers
Telecommunication
Television
Textile Industry
Theater 1. Early forms of theater
2. Zenith
3. Peking Opera
4. Spoken theatre
Tianjin
Tibet 1. Topography and climate
2. Population
3. History
4. Economy
5. Political and military importance
Tongzhi Restoration
Tourism
Trade Unions 1. Beginnings and first upsurge 1922/23
2. Second upsurge 1925-27 and destruction
3. Trade Unions in the PRC
4. Structure and role since policies of reform
5. Trade unions in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore
Traffic
Transcriptions 1. The most important European systems
2. Development in China
Treaty Ports 1. Origin and concept
2. Geography and chronology of opening
3. Economic importance and trading practice
4. Treaty port economy and culture
Tributary System 1. Tribute theory
2. Practical application of tribute to the end of the Ming Dynasty
3. Reevaluation of tribute theory in the Qing period
U
Underground Literature
United States of America 1. Strategic relations
2. Trading relations
3. Cultural relations
Universal history (Chinese perspective)
V
Vietnam 1. Pre-modern period
2. Arrival of Europeans
3. Relations in the 20th century
Village 1. The traditional village
2. Changes after the foundation of the People's Republic
3. Differentiation in the era of reform
4. Village administration
5. Retraditionalization
Vocational Education
W
Warlord Era
Water Management 1. History of water management
2. Flood management
3. Irrigation
4. Hydro-electric power exploitation
5. Water supply
Westernization
Women 1. Women in old China
2. Women's movement and women's organizations since the end of the 19th cent.
3. Women in the PRC
Women's Literature
Workers 1. The first generation of workers
2. Workers of the Republican period (1912-1949)
3. The 'Lords of the Land' (1949-1978)
4. The dissolution of the workers' bastion
World War I
World War II
Writing System (Script) 1. Fundamental characteristics of Chinese script
2. Origin and development
3. Present day
Wuhan
X
Xi'an
Xinjiang
Y
Yangzi
Yellow River
Yuan Dynasty
Yunnan
Z
Zhejiang
Zhou Dynasty

Daniel Leese